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Exercise383950
The Animal Kingdom and Embryology.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The most diverse as well as most abundant phylum of animals--estimates range from 2-10 million species. Their tremendous success in all major habitats is due mainly to a rigid external skeleton and jointed appendages. | Arthropoda |
| body cavities, enclosed by muscular mesoderm and lined with a mesodermal layer called peritoneum that also surrounds the internal organs | coelomates |
| a long chain of nitrogen-containing sugar molecules arranged in strong fibers. Can be as soft as the body of a butterfly or, if impregnated with calcium carbonate, as hard as the shell of a lobster. | chitin |
| Provides protection, a moisture barrier, and a place for muscle attachment. | exoskeleton |
| The jointed appendages provide arthropods with such _________ and _____________ that the variation in structure and function of appendages is enormous. | strength, flexibility |
| Arthropods with the appendages of their most anterior structures called chelicerae. The second pair pedipalps and are modified for prey, sensing the environment, or copulating. Body segments are fused into two body regions: a cephalothorax and an abdomen. | Chelicerates |
| Horseshoe crabs belong to this class under the subphylum Chelicerata. | Merostomata |
| The upper/dorsal section of an exoskeleton or shell. | carapace |
| In horseshoe crabs, five pairs of appendages have been modified as: | walking legs |
| The most anterior pair of legs in horseshoe crabs are modified: | pedipalps |
| Anterior to (ahead of) the pedipalps in horseshoe craps are the: | chelicerae |
| Posterior to (behind of) the walking legs in horseshoe crabs are a pair of degenerated legs called: | chilaria |
| In horseshoe crabs, the appendages of the abdominal segments where gas exchange occurs are modified as and called: | book gills |
| The most diverse class under the subphylum of Chelicerata. Holds scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs and spiders. | Arachnida |
| For Arachnids, the cephalothorax has chelicerae modified has ______ to pierce prey, has ________ to manipulate food and sense the environment, and has four pairs of walking legs. | fangs, pedipalps |
| Scorpions lack: | fused segments |
| Horseshoe crabs are commonly known as: | Limulus |
| One scorpion species, thus falling into the class of Arachnida, is | Centruroides |
| Are terrestrial and prey mostly on insects and other small invertebrates. Have two body regions and eight legs. | spiders |
| Web silk is primarily made of polypeptides of the amino acids: | glycine, alanine, serine |
| The subphylum under Arthropoda of which most of its species live in marine and freshwater. Differ from other subphyla because their appendages are double-branched. | Crustacea |
| The species from this subphyla tend to have two pairs of antennae and compound eyes with mulitple lenses. Also referred to as mandibulates for their opposing mandibles. | Crustacea |
| Crayfish fall under this class of the subphyla Crustacea | Crustacea |
| The body of a crustacean usually has two regions: | a cephalothorax covered by a carapace and an abdomen. |
| First antennae, second antennae, mandible, maxillae, and maxillipeds are: | the anterior pairs of crustacean appendages |
| Abdominal appendages that are much smaller than walking legs in crayfish. In males, have a spatulate shape. | swimmerets/pleopods |
| The broad, flat posterior appendages in crayfish | uropods |
| The terminal abdominal segment in crayfish | telson |
| When appendages of two different species have similar function but different embryological origin | analogous |
| Structures of two different species that have similar developmental origin but may or may not serve the same function | homologous |
| A conical sac of fibrous tissue which surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. | pericardial sac |
| Small openings in the heart through which blood returns to the pericardial sac after moving through the circulatory system. | ostia |
| In crayfish, the testes are usually _______ and the ovaries ________, lateral and just anterior to the heart. | white, orange |
| Sperm are released from the _____ pair of walking legs, eggs from the _______ pair | fifth, third |
| The swellings on the nerve cord that extends in crayfish across the entire length of the body controlling various organs | ganglia |
| The subphylum under Arthropoda that includes centipedes, millipedes, and insects. They have uniramous, or single-branched, appendages | Uniramia |
| The class under the subphyla Uniramia that holds centipedes. | Chilopoda |
| Move rapidly and are dorsally flattened. Each body segment bears a pair of legs. The large fangs on the head are maxillipeds, appendages modified for feeding. The mandibles lie between them. | centipedes |
| The class under the subphyla Uniramia that holds millipedes | Diplopoda |
| Move slowly and are round in cross section. When disturbed, will frequently roll up to protect its soft underside. Has two pairs of legs on each body segment. | millipedes |
| The class under the subphyla Uniramia known to be the largest group of organisms on Earth. | Insecta |
| Have three separate body regions and six thoracic legs. Most of two pairs of wings which are extensions of the exoskeleton. | insects |
| Tubes that conduct air throughout the body in insects | tracheae |
| The organism known by the scientific name Romalea | grasshopper |
| A species of centipede | Scolopendra |
| Grasshopers (Romalea) have three body regions: _________, __________, and __________; one pair of ___________, and _____ legs. | head, thorax, abdomen, antennae, six |
| In grasshoppers, the thorax is divided into the: | prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax |
| In grasshoppers, the mouthparts are covered by the ______, an extension of the head. Beneath them are the _______, followed by a pair of ________ with segmented extensions called _______ and then the ________. | labrum, mandibles, maxillae, palps, labium |
| A breathing pore opening | spiracle |
| The terminal abdominal segment of grasshopers in females is called the | ovipositor |
| The phylum that includes many marine bottom-dwellers such as sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids | Echinodermata |
| Adult echinoderms are _______ symmetrical and their bodies typically consist of a ring of _____ repetitive parts (making them pentaradial). Larvae are _________ symmetrical. | radially, bilaterally |
| A series of coelomic water-filled canals with hollow projections called tube feet. | water vascular system |
| The class under the phylum Echniodermata that consists of sea stars. | Asteroidea |
| The scientific name of the common sea star. | Asterias |
| Bony plates made of calcium carbonate. | Ossicles |
| For sea stars, the mouth is at the center of the lower, ____ (bottom) surface, and the anus is on the upper, _____ surface. | oral, aboral |
| Surrounding the blunt spines of sea stars are _________ for respiration by diffusion and pincerlike ______________ used to remove debris from the surface. Also on the aboral surface is the __________________, a sieve that connects w.v.s to envir. | dermal gills, pedicellariae, madreporite |
| Sea stars often prey on _____ and _____ by using their arms and tube feet to grip the shell and persistently apply pressure to pry it open. They then evert their stomach inside the clam to digest and engulf the tissue. | oysters and clams |
| The name of the class under the phylum Echinodermata that consists of brittle stars. | Ophiuroidea |
| Also called Ophioderma, they have slender branched arms demarcated from the central disk. Ossicles are typically thick and have attached musculature. May form shields on the surface. | brittle stars |
| Furrow-like depressions along the oral surface of each ray from which tube feet project. | ambulacral grooves |
| What allows brittle stars to move rapidly? | their thin flexible arms |
| What do brittle stars eat? | suspended food particles captured with their tube feet. |
| The name of the class under the phylum Echinodermata that consists of sea lilies and feather stars. | Crinoidea |
| The most ancient echinoderms; differ from others because their oral surface (mouth and anus) face upwards. Ossicles are well developed and give the animal a coarse, jointed appearance. | Crinoids |
| Highly branched and feather arms surround the mouth and anus. Modern species are not stalked or permanently attached. Filter feed by capturing food particles on the mucus of their tube feet. | Crinoids |
| The class under the phylum Echinodermata that consists of sea urchins and sand dollars | Echinoidea |
| Arbacia is a species of: | sea urchin |
| Lack distinct arms and their ossicles are fused into a solid shell called a test. Holes in test allow long tube feet to protrude. | sea urchins |
| The mouth of sea urchins contains ___ ossified plates or teeth called ___________________. | 5, Aristotle's lantern |
| The class under the phylum Echinodermata that consists of sea cucumbers | Holothuroidea |
| Cucumaria is a species of | sea cucumber |
| In this type of species, the mouth is surrounded by modified tube feet called tentacles. Have soft bodies with reduced ossicles and few if any spines. Radial symmetry is less evident and their body axis is oriented horizontally. Looks like cephalization. | sea cucumber |
| The internal rupture and rapid expulsion of organs due to stress. | evisceration |
| The phylum that consists of acorn worms. Members of this phylum have a hollow dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal slits. Similar to the phylum Chordata because of this. | Hemichordata |
| Species of acorn worms: | Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus |
| Soft-bodied marine animals that burrow in the sand or mud. Their bodies are fleshy and contractile and consist of a proboscis, collar, and trunk. | acorn worms |
| The phylum that holds the species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Characterized by a hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. | Chordata |
| The subphylum under the phylum Chordata that consists of tunicates/sea squirts | Urochordata |
| Sessile or planktonic marine organisms whose larvae possess the general chordate form but as adults are highly modified to include sieve-like basket perforated with pharyngeal gill slits. | Tunicates/sea squirts |
| The subphylum under the phylum Chordata that consists of lancelets | Cephalochordata |
| Small, fish-like, marine chordates that burrow in sand or mud. Are commonly called amphioxus, but the most common genus is Branchiostoma | lancelets |
| The subphylum under the phylum Chordata that consists of fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. These organisms have a vertebral column that surrounds the dorsal nerve cord and have a distinct head. | Vertebrata |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists of lampreys and hagfishes. | Agnatha |
| Lack jaws typical of other vertebrates but have a cartilaginous endoskeleton and a notochord. Seven pharyngeal gill slits near the head. | lampreys |
| common genus is Petromyzon. Larva are called ammocoetes. | lampreys |
| Buccal funnel armed with horny teeth and rasping tongue | lampreys |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists of sharks, skates, and rays. | Chondrichthyes |
| Cartilaginous endoskeleton and jaws modified from anterior gill arches. | Sharks |
| Squalus | scientific name for dogfish shark |
| Contains sensory cells in sharks to detect slight vibrations. | lateral line |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists of bony fish | Osteichthyes |
| The most diverse class of vertebrates | Osteichthyes |
| Have bony endoskeleton, modified gill arches, and internal air bladders for balance and buoyancy. Gills are protected by a movable gill cover called an operculum | Osteichthyes |
| Sensory pits in the skin that detect water currents and predators or prey that may be moving near | lateral-line system |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists of frogs, toads, and salamanders | Amphibia |
| The first land vertebrates. Most are terrestrial but lay their eggs in the water. Aquatic larval stage is called a tadpole. | Amphibians |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists of turtles, snakes, and lizards | Reptilia |
| Have developed structures for internal fertilization. Most lay watertight eggs that contain a food source (the yolk) and a series of four membranes (the chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois) | Reptiles |
| Allows oxygen to enter the porous shell but retains water within the egg. | chorion |
| Encases the embryo within a fluid-filled caviity | amnion |
| Provides food from the yolk for the embryo via blood vessels | yolk sac |
| Surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are excreted | allantois |
| When an organism's body temperature depends on the environment. | poikilothermic |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists entirely of birds. | Aves |
| Vision is one of the highly developed senses, are homeothermic (constant body temp. maintained), high body temp. for high metabolism, lightweight skeleton, efficient respiratory system, heavy musculature at the breast | birds |
| The class under the subphylum Vertebrata that consists of mammals | Mammalia |
| The irreversible increase in size of an organism | growth |
| the structural and functional specialization of groups of cells. | differentiation |
| the study of growth and differentiation in the early development of an organism | embryology |
| when male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote | fertilization |
| when a zygote divides into a larger and larger number of smaller and smaller cells that eventually form a hollow sphere of many cells. Ends when cells begin to differentiate. | cleavage |
| when cells of the sphere formed during cleavage continue to divide and move inward to form three cellular layers. | gastrulation |
| When eggs are isolecithal, meaning their yolk is distributed | evenly |
| When only a small amount of yolk is present and easily divides. | holoblastic |
| When continued cleavage forms a ball of 16-32 cells | morula |
| A hollow sphere of many cells formed as a result of cleavage | blastula |
| The fluid-filled cavity within the blastula | blastocoel |
| Cells within the blastula | blastomeres |
| The development of organs | organogenesis |
| In this process, a male clasps a female between his front legs and applies pressure to stimulate her to release eggs. The male then releases sperm cells into the water immediately surrounding the eggs. | amplexus |
| When egg yolk is not distributed evenly. | telolecithal |
| The growth and movement of animal-pole cells over vegetal-pole cells | involution |
| The depression formed during involution of frog zygotes | blastospore |
| The small area of cytoplasm on the surface of the egg yolk | germinal disc |
| Partial cleavage of a zygote which produces a flat blastodisc of developing cells atop yolk | meroblastic |
| In chick eggs, the ______ becomes the ectoderm and the _______ becomes the endoderm | epiblast, hypoblast |
| The linear furrow that serves as the opening of the blastodisc | primitive streak |
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