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biology 1010 sec 1
section 1 feeders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a trait of filter feeders? | they have liquid running through their digestive tracts |
| what is an example of a filter feeder? | black flies |
| what do substrates feeders feed on? | distinct substrates |
| what is an example of a substrate feeder? | caterpillar |
| what do fluid feeders use to feed off larvae? | blood meal |
| what is unique to herbivores? | longer digestive tracts and multiple stomachs |
| what is unique to carnivores? | shorter digestive tracts |
| catabolic reactions result in the release of what? | H+ ions |
| what do the four stages of food processing require? | water, as they are catabolic reactions |
| how are the components from the macromolecules used to release energy? | catabolic rx's make H+ available for phosphorylating substances |
| Digestive enzymes chemically break down food into what? | food particles and some macromolecules |
| How are food particles taken into the cell? | phagocytosis |
| at a cellular level what do simple polymers and monomers result from? | digestion in food vacuoles |
| in cellular digestion, what is the purpose of lysosomes? | To fuse with food vacuoles to release digestive enzymes into food facuoles. |
| what is a crop? | a pouch where food is softened |
| what happens in gizzards and stomachs? | food is churned and partially chemically broken down |
| why are gizzards and stomachs more effective in mechanical and chemical breakdown? | Longer storage times |
| where does the digestion and absorption take place in insects? | in the midgut |
| what functions to reabsorb water from the digestive tract and to compact fecal matter? | hindgut of insects, large intestine of humans |
| how are the hindgut and the large intestine in humans similar? | both serve as locations for the re absorption of water and compact wastes |
| how are the gastric pouches and the small intestine similar? | both increase the surface for absorption in digestion |
| where do mechanical and chemical digestion begin? | the oral cavity |
| Name 4 facts about saliva? | 1- Salvary glands secrete a slippery glycoprotein which protects the lining of the mouth 2- the glycoprotein lubricates food for the passage into the esophagus 3- Saliva contains buffers to neutralize acidic foods 4- antibacterial compounds kill bacter |
| what is peristalsis? | a wave of muscle contractions along the esophagus |
| the pylorus adjoins to what? | the small intestine (duodenum) |
| How is food retained? | by shutting the pyloric sphinter |
| what is the chief organ of digestion and nutrient absorption? | the small intestine |
| what are the functions of the liver? | 1- production of bile to emulsify fats, storage of the carbohydrate as glycogen, release of glucose to the bloodstream, synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting, maintenance of osmotic balance in the blood and transport of fats to body cells |
| what substances aid in chemical digestion in the duodenum? | pancreatic juices and bile which are stored in the gall bladder |
| what are referred to as accessory glands? | salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas as there products are delivered to the digestive tract by ducts |
| how is the opening to the esophagus closed? | esophageal sphincter |
| what organs are involved in swallowing? | larynx, esophageal sphincter, epiglottis |
| what structure prevents the passage of food into the lungs through the trachea? | epiglottis |
| what is the role of the epiglottis? | the larynx raises up against the epiglottis, which tips down and closes the opening into the trachea, preventing the passage of food into the lungs |
| what is the esophagus constructed of and what does it allow? | elastic connective tisse and circular longitudinal smooth muscles, it allows the esophagus to flex and contract |
| what is routinely replaced during the swallowing process? | the inner lining of the esophagus |
| what do gastric juices contain? | mucus, proteolytic enzymes, hydrochloric acid |
| what breaks down polypeptides into shorter chain units? | pepsin |
| where is hydrochloric acid formed? from what? | stomach space, H+ and Cl- ions secreted from parietal cells |
| what is the role of HCl? | breaks apart cells in food, aid in the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin, kills bacteria ingested in the food |
| what is the role of mucus? | lubricates and protects the stomach wall from the corrosive action of HCl and pepsin |
| how are pepsinogen, H+ and Cl- ions and mucus secreted? | through gastric gland ducts |
| How are the epithelial cells of the stomach lining constantly renewed? | miotic division |
| what do gastric juices do? | protect the stomach lining and the breakdown of consumed food |
| what is the function of bile? | to emulsify fats |
| where is bile produced and stored? | the liver and stored in the gall bladder |
| how are starches broken down? | pancreatic amylase and disaccharides by specific enzymes |
Created by:
brynnh
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