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Ch 45/47
Neurons and The Mammalian Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are neurons? | specialized cells of the nervous system that receive, encode and transmit information. Neurons with their support cells (glial cells) make up the nervous system |
| What is the role of sensory cells? | information is recieved by sensory cells and converted into electrical signals that are transmitted and processed by neurons. To cause behavioral/physiological responses, a nervous system communicates these signals to effectors, such as muscles and glands |
| What are the three functional categories of neurons that neural networks include? | 1. Afferent neurons: carry sensory info into the nervous system (gathered by sensory neurons) 2. Efferent neurons: carry commands to effectors 3. Interneurons: integrate and store info and communicate between afferent and efferent neurons |
| What are nerve impulses? | Also called action potentials, nerve impulses are electrical signals generated by the plasma membrane. Conducts the signals from one location on a cell to the most distant reaches of that cell. |
| What is neurotransmission? | the electrochemical process by which nerve cells communicate. |
| What are the four regions of a neuron? | a cell body, dendrites, an axon, and axon terminals |
| What is the cell body? | contains the nucleus and most of the cell's organelles |
| what are the dendrites? | projections sprouting from the cell body, which bring info from other neurons or sensory cells to the cell body |
| What is the axon? | usually carries information away from the cell body. Axons conduct info to target cells, which can be other neurons, muscle cells or gland cells. |
| What is the axon terminal? | at its end, the axon divides into many fine nerve endings. At the tip of each nerve ending is a swelling called the axon terminal |
| What do terminal nerve impulses at the axon cause? | They cause the release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) into the synapse |
| What is the synapse? | a specialized region in which nerve cells make contact with one another. It is here that info, in chemical form, is transferred between neurons |
| What is the purpose of glial cells? | glial cells supply neurons with nutrients. Some consume foreign particles, and some maintain ionic balance around neurons |
| What does simple neural networks consist of? | a sensory neuron connected to a motor neuron connected to a muscle cell |
| Describe the neural network of the human brain | there is an estimated 10^11 neurons and 10^14 synapses. They are divided into thousands of distinct but interacting networks that function in parallel |
| The difference in voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron is called what? | the membrane potential |
| What is the voltage difference in an unstimulated neuron called? | the resting potential |
| What is an action potential? | the sudden and rapid reversal in voltage across a portion of the plasma membrane. for 1-2 milliseconds, the inside of the cell becomes more positive than the outside |
| What are nerve impulses? | action potentials that travel along axons |
| Describe the structure, function and information flow of the central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord constitute the CNS. in the CNS, sensory info is assimilated, responses formulated, and motor responses CNS not only controls physiological activities but encodes and stores info in the form of memory, and generates ideas |
| What is the peripheral nervous system? | information is brought to and from the CNS by means of the enormous network of nerves that make up the PNS. It reaches every tissue in the body |
| What is the difference between the afferent and efferent portions of the peripheral nervous system | the afferent portion carries info to the CNS while the efferent portion carries info from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body |
| Describe the autonomic nervous system | the portion of the PNS that regulates the activity of the human body's internal organs. it's in direct connection with the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles and glands. Controls motor activity - rate of heartbeat, pupil dialation, etc |
Created by:
cassidylm34
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