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68WM6-A&P 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the utilization of nutrients by living tissues and cells | assimilation |
| the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system | absorption |
| a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed | bolus |
| a semi-fluid mixture of food and gastric juice | chyme |
| the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods, the absorption of nutrients by cells | digestion |
| the elimination of indigestible substances from the colon | defecation |
| the taking of food into the mouth | ingestion |
| breaking food down into smaller pieces and mixing with digestive juices without altering the chemical composition | mechanical digestion |
| the process of breading food down into simpler chemicals | chemical digestion |
| 9 organs of the alimentary canal | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| accessory organs of the digestive system | salivary glands, teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| 4 layers of alimentary canal | mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serous |
| absorbtion, secretion, and protection are the functions of this layer of the alimentary canal | mucosal layer |
| this part of the alimentary canal is made of tough, abrasion resistant, stratified epithelium | esophagus |
| this layer of the alimentary canal nourishes the surrounding tissues and carries away absorbed materials | submucosal layer |
| this layer of the alimentary canal produces movement | muscular |
| outer layer of alimentary canal which produces fluid to lubricate the outside of intestines | serous layer |
| this structure receives food and begins the process of mechanical digestion | mouth |
| this structure is mostly muscle, it moves food to the back of the oral cavity | tongue |
| this structure forms the roof of the mouth and closes the nasal cavity and pharynx during swallowing | palate |
| this structure prevents food from entering nasal cavities | uvula |
| these structures of the mouth begin the process of mechanical digestion | teeth |
| these strucures of the mouth moisten and bind food and begin the process of chemical digestion | salivary glands |
| these are the largest of the salivary glands, are located inferior to the ears, and secrete mostly amylase (serous cells) | parotids |
| these salivary glands are located on the floor of the mouth and secrete mostly amylase (serous cells) | submandibular |
| these glands are the smallest salivary glands, are located under the tongue, and secrete mostly mucous (mucous cells) | sublingual |
| this structure connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus | pharynx |
| this area of the pharynx is above the soft palate and provides a passage for air during breathing | nasopharynx |
| this area of the pharynx is behind the mouth and provides a passage for both food and air | oropharynx |
| this area of the pharynx is the passageway from the oropharynx to the esophagus | laryngopharynx |
| this collapsible tube provides a passageway for food from the pharynx, through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm, and into the stomach | esophagus |
| this organ is a pouch under the diaphragm, it can hold up to one liter of food, and it is where protein breakdown begins, food that leaves here is called chyme | stomach |
| this part of the stomach is the temporary storage area | fundus |
| this is the term for the main part of the stomach | body |
| this part of the stomach ends with the pyloric sphincter, which connects the stomach to the duodenum | pyloric region |
| the general term for hydrochloric acid and enzymes that function in the digestive proces, found in the stomach | gastric juices |
| these cells of the stomach secrete mucous, which provides protection from the gastric juices | goblet cells |
| these cells secrete pepsinogen, which combines with hydrochloric acid to produce pepsin, which functions in the breakdown of proteins | chief cells |
| these cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid | parietal cells |
| the exocrine secretion of the pancreas | pancreatic juice |
| this secretion of the pancreas digests carbohydrates, fats, and proteins | pancreatic juice |
| the endocrine secretion of the pancreas | insulin |
| this connects the pancreas to the duodenum | pancreatic duct |
| this is produced by the pancreas; it serves to neutralize the hydrochloric acid that escapes from the stomach to the small intestine | sodium bicarbonate |
| this accessory organ of the digestive system secretes bile | liver |
| this secretion of the liver aids in the absorbtion of lipids, is stored in the gallbladder, and makes possible the absorbtion of cholesterol, fatty acids, and the fat soluble proteins | bile |
| this accessory organ of the digestive system stores bile | gallbladder |
| the general name for the organ of the alimentary canal primarily responisble for digestion and absorbtion of nutrients | small intestine |
| this part of the small intestine is the shortest and most fixed; it contains the common bile duct and pancreatic duct | duodenum |
| this is the middle portion of the small intestine | jejunum |
| this is the last portion of the small intestine and ends at the ileocecal valve | ileum |
| these structures of the small intestine increase the surface area available for digestion and absorbtion, each contains a capillary, a lacteal, and a nerve fiber | villi |
| this organ of the alimentary canal functions primarily in the absorbtion of water from the waste products of digestion, and in storing feces | large intestine |
| this portion of the large intestine is the pouch below the ileocecal opening; the appendix branches off this area | cecum |
| does the appendix have any known digestive function? | no |
| this portion of the large intestine goes from the cecum upward towards the transvers colon | ascending colon |
| this portion of the large intestine connects the ascending colon to the descending colon | transverse colon |
| this portion of the large intestine travels downwards on the left side of the body | descending colon |
| this S-shaped structure connects the descending colon to the rectum | sigmoid colon |
| this structure near the end of the large intestine forms a temporary storage area for feces before defecation | rectum |
| this is the connecting area between the rectum and the anus | anal canal |
| the opening of the anal canal; protected by 2 sphincters | anus |
| pH of less than 7.0 | acid |
| negatively charged ion | anion |
| pH of greater than 7.0 | base (alkali) |
| accepts and relinquishes H+ ions to minimized pH fluctuation | buffer |
| positively charged ion | cation |
| substance that dissolves in solution and conducts electrical current | electrolyte |
| loss of electrons | oxidation |
| the scale of free H+ ions in a solution | pH |
| gain of electrons | reduction |
| what is the role of electrolytes in human physiology | mantains voltages across cell membranes |
| normal ABG pH | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| pH range compatible with life | 6.8 to 8.0 |
| an increase of free H+ ions in a solution would _______ the pH | decrease |
| a decrease of free H+ ions in a solution would _________ the pH | increase |
| what are the byproducts of aerobic metabolism | CO2 AND H2O |
| what is the byproduct of anaerobic metabolism | C3H6O3 (lactic acid) |
| what organs are primarily responsible for the elimination of lactic acid | kidneys |
| what are the three buffer systems which prevent major pH changes in the body | bicarbonate buffer, phosphate buffer, protein buffer |
| this buffer is the most important in regulating the pH balance of the body, and works in both intracellular and extracellular fliuds | bicarbonate buffer |
| this buffer takes place primarily in the kidney, and works only on intracellular fluid | phosphate buffer |
| this buffer is the most abundant, and works in both intracellular and extracellular fluids | protein buffer |
| pH imbalance caused by a rise in CO2 levels in the blood | respiratory acidosis |
| pH imbalance caused by abnormally low levels of CO2 in the blood | respiratory alkalosis |
| high blood pH caused by a factor other than CO2 levels | metabolic alkalosis |
| low blood pH caused by a factor other than CO2 levels | metabolic acidosis |
| the two regulation systems for blood pH | respiratory, renal |
| this form of pH regulation excretes or witholds H+ or HCO3- based on blood pH, and takes hours to days to cause a change in blood pH | renal regulation |
| this form of pH regulation eliminates or retains CO2 based on blood pH | respiratory regulation |
| a pH of less than 7.35 on an ABG would be considered | acidosis |
| a PH of greater than 7.45 on an ABG would be considered | alkalosis |
| alkalosis along with a PaCO2 of less than 35 on an ABG would be considered | respiratory alkalosis |
| acidosis along with a PaCO2 of greater than 45 on an ABG would be considered | respiratory acidosis |
| acidosis with an HCO3 level of less than 22 would be considered | metabolic acidosis |
| alkalosis with an HCO3 level of greater than 26 would be considered | metabolic alkalosis |
| normal PaCO2 range | 35-45 |
| normal HCO3 range | 22-26 |
| normal SpO2 range | 95-100 |
| microscopic air sac within the lung where gas exchange takes place | alveolus |
| cessation of breathing after expiration | apnea |
| the bronchi and their branches | bronchial tree |
| a primary branch of the trachea | bronchus |
| a small branch of a bronchus within the lung | bronchiole |
| the utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water | cellular respiration |
| ring-shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx | cricoid cartilage |
| difficult or labored breathing | dyspnea |
| normal, quiet breathing | eupnea |
| exchange of gases between alveoli and blood | external respiration |
| prolonged rapid and deep breathing | hyperventilation |
| decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing | hypoventilation |
| deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood | hypoxemia |
| deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues and cells | hypoxia |
| hypoxia because of diminished blood flow | ischemic |
| hypoxia because of diminished RBC's or hemoglobin | anemic |
| exchange of gases between the blood and tissues | internal respiration |
| process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilation |
| the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells | respiration |
| one inspiration followed by one expiration | respiratory cycle |
| the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules | surface tension |
| increased breathing rate | tachypnea |
| structures of the upper respiratory tract | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, pharynx |
| structures of the lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
| the main muscle of inspiration | diaphragm |
| accessory muscles of inspiration | pectoralis minor, sternocleomastoid, intercostals |
| inspiration is an _________ process, while expiration is __________ | active, passive |
| the folume of air that is inspired or expired during a normal respiratory cycle | tidal volume |
| the maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume |
| the maximum amount of air that can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration | expiratory reserve volume |
| the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forced expiration | residual volume |
| the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible | vital capacity |
| vital capacity + residual volume | total lung capacity |
| generally speaking, is breathing a voluntary or involuntary act? | involuntary |
| factors that can caused an increased respiratory rate | fear, anxiety, pain |
| the urge to breathe is stimulated by rising levels of this gas in the blood | carbon dioxide |
| this structure of the brainstem is responsible for the rhythm of breathing | medulla oblongata |
| this structure of the prainstem is responsible for the rate of breathing | pons |
| this reflex regulates the depth of breathing | inflation reflex |
| other than CO2, blood levels of these chemicals can also affect respiration rate | H+, O2 |
| the portion of pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture | partial pressure |
| what percentage of O2 in the blood is transported by hemoglobin | 97 |
| what percentage of O2 in the blood is dissolved in the plasma | 3 |
| higher concentrations of CO2 in the blood cause more or less O2 to be released from the hemoglobin? | more |
| lower blood pH causes more or less O2 to be relased from the hemoglobin | more |
| higher body temperature causes more or less O2 to be released from the hemoglobin | more |
| what form is most CO2 in the blood transported in | bicarbonate ions |
Created by:
ewoff85
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