Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Ch. 18 Test
Viruses and Bacteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| viruses | neither living or nonliving and have no cure |
| viruses cannot carry out the 5 characteristics of life without... | a host |
| vaccines | help keep viruses away, but viruses must run their course,weakened form of virus stimulate immune system to produce cell and proteins the will destroy that type of virus |
| viruses are (physical description)... | tiny bundles of nucleic acid(DNA/RNA), surrounded by a protein coat(capsid) |
| animal viruses have... | and outer envelope made up of lipids, protein, and/or carbohydrates |
| viruses do not... | eat,respire,respond to environment,or reproduce |
| viruses do... | replicate through a host and infect every form of life |
| virus replication: lytic cycle | virus attaches to a host cell and injects its DNA into the cell, causes the cell to make new viruses, the cell lyses and releases new viruses that attck other cells, host cell is killed immediately |
| virus replication: lysogenic cycle | after virus injects its DNA into host cell, the viral DNA inserts itself into host's chromosome(provirus),host cell divides replicating both kinds of DNA,a stimulus allows the viral DNA to separate and enter the lytic cycle, host is not harmed immediately |
| Polyhedral virus | multifaceted geometric appearance(soccer ball), ex. adinovirus |
| Filovirus | no distince uniform shape, ex. ebola |
| Binal virus | two distinct parts: polyhedral capsid and helical tail, ex. bacteriophage |
| Helical virus | RNA or DNA coils tightly inside the long narrow capsid of a helical virus, ex. tobacco mosaic virus |
| several ways to classify viruses | shape, the host they infect(plant/animal), and function |
| Retrovirus (one of the AIDS viruses) | contains RNA core that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA,using enzyme reverse trancriptase,nucleic acids are made in reverse order |
| viroid (only part of a virus) | a single strand of pure RNA, does not have capsids protecting nucleic acid, causes plant diseases |
| prion (only part of a virus) | a protein molecule, doesn't contain DNA or RNA but can spread thru and organism, infect animals (mad cow disease) |
| genetic engineering (human use of virus) | under controlled conditions genetic engineer can correct genetic defects by using viruses to carry desirable genes from one cell to another |
| agriculture (human use of virus) | used to control pests that destroy crops, viral infections can produce stripes and bright color combos in petals of gladiolas and tulips |
| virus facts | smaller than bacteria, attachment protein on the virus is very specific shape and only matches specific surfaces |
| MONERANS | archaebacteria and eubacteria, prodaryotic, smaller than most organisms, unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic |
| capsule | sticky gelatinous capsule around cell wall |
| cell wall | surrounds plasma membrane, gives shape and prevents osmosis from breaking cell |
| plasma membrane | controls what enters and leaves cell |
| DNA/RNA | genetic material |
| flagella | movement |
| pili | attach to cells and exchange DNA |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| cytoplasm | metabolism occurs here |
| plasmid | ciuclar pieces of DNA |
| endospore (moneran survival) | thick wall that resists heat,drought,and radiation,allow some bacterial cells to be alive but inactive for centuries and survive in harsh conditions and reproduce, when conditions are right they break open and reproduce |
| obligate aerobes | need oxygen for respiration |
| obligate anaerobes | killed by oxygen,survive in areas without oxygen,release energy thru fermentation |
| moneran reproduction | sexually or asexually |
| binray fission | asexual reproduction, bacteria copies chromosome,chromosome separates, partition forms and separates chromosomes, creating 2 identical cells |
| conjugation | sexual reproduction,one bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome to another cell on a pili connecting the 2 cells,increases genetic diversity and chance of survival |
| transformation | bacterial cells take up DNA from dead cells of the same or closely related species |
| archaebacteria | live in harsh environments wher usually no other organisms survive, most ancient, and most simial to eukaryotes |
| eubacteria | live anywhere except harsh environments, vary in nutritional needs, and contain many types of organims (difficult to classify) |
| Methanogens | live in oxygen-free environments and produce methane gas (found in intestines of mammals, sewage, and swampy areas) |
| Thermophiles | live in extremely hot water |
| Halophiles | live in extremely salty conditions (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake) |
| heterotrophic eubacteria | live almost anywhere, use organic molecules as food source, some are parasites, some are saprophytes(break down nutrients from dead organisms) |
| photosynthetic autotrophic eubacteria | live in places with sun(ponds, streams, moist areas), have chlorphyll but not chloroplasts, most are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), may be blue-green,red or yellow |
| chemosynthetic autotrophic eubacteria | made food by breaking down inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen, important for plants-break down nitrogen containing compounds that plants need |
| Eubacteria subgroups | gram-positive/negative |
| cell shape | cocci- spherical bacilli- rod shaped spirilla- spiral shape |
| growth patterns | diplo- paired staphylo- grapelike bunches strepto- chains |
| cell wall composition | gram-positive (purple) gram-negative (pink) |
| importance of bacteria | nitrogen fixation in plants(allows plants to take up nitrogen), recycling of nutrients(break down organic moleculs),food/medicine(vinegar,cheese,yogurt), cause many human diseases |
Created by:
ginger4
Popular Biology sets