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Immunology/HIV
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the the body's three lines of defense? | Physical barriers, nonspecific internal defenses, and the immune system |
| Name the body's physical barriers | Skin and mucous membranes |
| Name the body's nonspecific internal defenses | Granulocytes, inflammation, macrophages, natural killer cells, fever |
| What do granulocytes do? | They're white blood cells that accumulate at the site of infection and release granules with toxins that kill microbes |
| What is inflammation? | Redness, pain, and heat from granulocyte toxins. Releases pus - dead and living bacteria, white blood cells, and tissue |
| What do macrophages do? | White blood cells, they engulf and digest foreign particles |
| What do natural killer cells do? | White blood cells that kill infected cells. Secrete porforins that poke holes in cell membranes or can trigger apoptosis. |
| What is a fever? | Increase in body temperature from endogenous pyrogenes that white blood cells secrete; it affects microbe growth and makes white blood cells work harder |
| What are three characteristics of the immune system? | It's specific, adaptable, and it has memory |
| What are the components of the immune system? | Antibodies, T-cells, B-cells, and all are fighting antigens |
| What is an antigen? | A foreign tag or label to which the immune system responds |
| What is an antibody? | A Y-shaped protein in the blood's plasma that recognizes foreign antigens |
| What is a B-cell? | A white blood cell that responds to a specific antigen and stays in the bone marrow to mature; when activated it becomes a memory cell or a plasma cell |
| What do plasma cells do? | Make antibodies, they're B-cells |
| What is a T-cell? | A white blood cell that responds to specific antigens that mature in they thymus gland. When activated they become memory cells, helpter T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells |
| What do helper T-cells do? | They secrete chemicals that increase or decrease the immune response |
| What do cytotoxic T-cells do? | They cause direct cell death, kill invaders or infected cells |
| What are the three phases of immune response? | Recognition, attack, and memory |
| Describe antibody structure. | Y-shaped proteins with 2 heavy chains and 2 lights chains. The variable region determines its target and the constant region determines its function. |
| IgM antibody | First antibody produced, pentamer, clumps antigens together (agglutination) |
| IgG antibody | Most abundant, long half life, can cross the placenta, protect babies |
| IgA antibody | A dimer, in all body secretions |
| IgD antibody | Don't know function |
| IgE antibody | Allergy antibody - allergies result from overproduction of IgE. Also recognizes parasites |
| What are the general functions of antibodies? | They're neutralizers, agglutinators, receptors, and opsonins |
| What is an opsonin? | Function of antibodies, it's like a beacon; it advertises an antigens location so it can be easily identified |
| What is the clonal selection theory? | When we encounter a certain antigen, the B-cell or T-cell with the antibody for that antigen is selected and divides |
| What is humoral immunity? | B-cells - fights bacteria free in blood and makes antibodies |
| What is cell mediated immunity? | T-cells - deal with cells infected with viruses |
| When was the first vaccine made and by who? | 1796 by Jenner, it was a smallpox vaccine |
| What is an inactivated vaccine? | A microbe treated with heat or chemicals so it can't replicate or cause disease. Example- Salk polio vaccine |
| What is an attenuated vaccine? | A living microbe that can divide but its disease causing ability is removed. Example is Sabin oral polio vaccine |
| What is a toxoid vaccine? | A weakened toxin (product of the microbe) example is the tetanus vaccine |
| Define Colonization | The establishment of an organism in or on a host |
| Define infection | Organism that colonizes begins to spread and multiply |
| Define infectious disease | A noticeable impairment of body function |
| Define pathogenic | Able to cause disease |
| Define opportunistic pathogen | Able to cause disease only under special circumstances |
| What are the six steps of the infectious disease process? | Encounter, entry, spread, multiplication, damage, outcome |
| Name the ways we encounter microbes | At birth, endogenously, and exogenously |
| How do microbes enter the body? | Penetration through the skin or ingress by ingestion or breathing in, etc |
| How do microbes spread? | Chemotaxis (moving toward or away from a chemical), enzymes (clear the way for microbe by digesting host tissue), adhesions that help microbe bind to target tissue |
| How is the body damaged? | By the microbe's toxins or the immune system's fever or inflammation |
| What is normal flora? | Microbes found on or in the body of a healthy person |
| Where is there no normal flora in the body? | Blood, deep tissues, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid |
| Advantages of normal flora? | It competes with invaders, keeps the immune system stimulated, and produces vitamins we can't produce ourselves |
| What does HIV stand for and when was it found? | Human Immunodeficiency Virus - 1983 |
| What does AIDS stand for and when was it found? | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - 1981 |
| Who was first infected with HIV? | Homosexual males and IV drug users |
| Where did the HIV virus come from? | We aren't sure but it may have mutated from a similar virus in monkeys |
| As of 2009, how many people are infected with HIV? | 33 million people |
| Where are most people infected with HIV? | Subsaharan Africa |
| How is HIV spread? | Intimate contact - blood to blood contact or contact with body fluids during sex |
| What is the disease progression of HIV? | 1) ARS - acute retroviral syndrome with flu like symptoms 6 days to 6 weeks after infection 2) Latency - no symptoms 3) ARC- AIDS related complex with flu like symptoms, then AIDS |
| How does AIDS cause death? | Indirectly by other infections |
| What is pneumocystosis? | A pneumonia that kills AIDS patients caused by the Pneumocystis carinii fungus |
| What is taxoplasmosis? | A brain disorder that causes disability and death in AIDS patients caused by Taxoplasma gondii microbe in house cats |
| What is tuberculosis? | A respiratory disease caused by bacteria that kills AIDS patients; many people are asymptomatic carriers |
| What is Kaposi's Sarcoma? | Purple blotches on skin (malignant tumors) caused by a virus. Kills AIDS patients. |
| What is a retrovirus? | A virus that creates DNA from RNA. |
| What is reverse transcriptase? | An enzyme in retroviruses that makes DNA from RNA |
| What's HIV's life cycle? | 1) HIV attaches to CD4 receptors on helper T-cells via gp120 spikes 2) HIV uncoats itself and injects genetic material 3) Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA and DNA integrates into host's chromosomes using integrase enzyme 4) virus DNA unitegrate |
| AZT | First HIV treatment that interferes with reverse transcriptase |
| Protease inhibitor drugs | Inhibit HIV's protease enzyme, causes bad side effects |
| How is AIDS treated now? | Multidrug therapy because HIV mutates quickly and can become resistant to single drugs |
Created by:
carlycupcake
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