The chromatin, diffuse in interphase, condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome has duplicated and now consists of two sister chromatids. At the end of prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles.

The chromosomes align at the equitorial plate and are held in place by micro-tubules attached to the mitotic spindle and to part of the centromere.

The centromeres divide. Sister chromatids separate and move toward the corresponding poles.

Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the micro-tubules disappear. The condensed chromatin expands and the nuclear envelope reappears.

The cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane pinches inward and produces two daughter cells .

A ribosome is a mixture of protein and RNA. Actual site of protein synthesis. Floating free or attached to Rough ER in cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The packaging system. It doesn't work alone. ER works closely with the Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, RNA, mRNA, and tRNA. It makes a network of membranes found in the whole cell. ER might look different from cell to cell, depending on the cell's function.

made of membrane stacks called cisternae Functions: involved in glycosylation (i.e. adding carbohydrate to a protein), packaging of molecules like proteins into vesicles for secretion, transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.

Various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes . Function to digest old worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell. have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured.

Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.

"Powerhouse of cell". Rod shaped bodies w/double membrane wall. inner membrane is thrown into folds (cristae). Contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP).

paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus. Direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division. Form the bases of cilia and flagella.

Cytoskeletal Elements

Include micro-filaments, intermediate filaments, and micro-tubules.

Are formed largely of actin, a contractile protein, and are important in cell mobility.

Intermediate Filaments

Are stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells.

Form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape.

The period of a cell's life when it carries out it's normal metabolic activities and grows. During interphase the DNA containing material is in the form of chromatin. The nuclear envelope and one more nucleoli are intact and visible.

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Cell Division Lab

Question	Answer
Prophase	The chromatin, diffuse in interphase, condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome has duplicated and now consists of two sister chromatids. At the end of prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles.
Metaphase	The chromosomes align at the equitorial plate and are held in place by micro-tubules attached to the mitotic spindle and to part of the centromere.
Anaphase	The centromeres divide. Sister chromatids separate and move toward the corresponding poles.
Telophase	Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the micro-tubules disappear. The condensed chromatin expands and the nuclear envelope reappears.
Cytokinesis	The cytoplasm divides, the cell membrane pinches inward and produces two daughter cells .
Ribosomes	A ribosome is a mixture of protein and RNA. Actual site of protein synthesis. Floating free or attached to Rough ER in cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)	The packaging system. It doesn't work alone. ER works closely with the Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, RNA, mRNA, and tRNA. It makes a network of membranes found in the whole cell. ER might look different from cell to cell, depending on the cell's function.
Golgi apparatus	made of membrane stacks called cisternae Functions: involved in glycosylation (i.e. adding carbohydrate to a protein), packaging of molecules like proteins into vesicles for secretion, transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.
Lysosomes	Various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes . Function to digest old worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell. have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured.
Peroxisomes	Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.
Mitochondria	"Powerhouse of cell". Rod shaped bodies w/double membrane wall. inner membrane is thrown into folds (cristae). Contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP).
Centrioles	paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus. Direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division. Form the bases of cilia and flagella.
Cytoskeletal Elements	Include micro-filaments, intermediate filaments, and micro-tubules.
Micro-filaments	Are formed largely of actin, a contractile protein, and are important in cell mobility.
Intermediate Filaments	Are stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells.
Micro-tubules	Form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape.
Interphase	The period of a cell's life when it carries out it's normal metabolic activities and grows. During interphase the DNA containing material is in the form of chromatin. The nuclear envelope and one more nucleoli are intact and visible.

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