Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio 211 exam 3
Plant transport, metabolism, response to enviornment
| Question | A nswer |
|---|---|
| passive transport | move materials down a concentration gradient, does not use energy |
| passive diffusion | passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient through the plasma membrane. |
| facilitated diffusion | passive movement of molecules down a concentration gradient using transport proteins |
| channel proteins | form selective pores that allow ions and molecules through the plasma membrane |
| transport proteins | bind molecules on one side and undergo a conformational change and release molecule on the other side of the plasma membrane |
| active transport | movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, using ATP/energy. |
| membrane potential | electrical difference across a membrane |
| symporter | active transport protein that transports two things the same way across a membrane |
| turgor pressure | hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters the cell bc the cell is restricted by the cell wall |
| turgid | plasma membrane is pressed against the cell wall |
| plasmolysis | the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to loosing too much water |
| flaccid cell | has water content between turgid and plasmolyzed |
| water potential | potential energy of water |
| what is an analogy of water potential | waterfall, water moves from high water potential to low water potential. |
| water potential equation | Y = YS+ YP osmotic potential+pressure potential |
| osmotic potential | component of water potential due to solute molecules. |
| what happens to the osmotic potential as solute molecules increase? | get a more negative number, lowers the osmotic potential |
| pressure potential | part of water potential due to hydrostatic pressure |
| what happens as you increase the pressure on the water in a cell? | the water potential increases and becomes a more positive number. |
| osmotic adjustment | plant increases the solute concentration in its cytosol |
| what is osmotic adjustment a response to? | cold, and low water environment |
| trans-membrane transport | transfer material from one cell to another across membranes using receptors |
| what is an example of trans-membrane transport | auxin receptors in a light response |
| symplastic transport | movement of substances from cytosol of on cell to cytosol of another through plasmodesmata |
| plasmodesmata | membrane lined channels |
| symplast | continuum of cytosol linked by plasmodesmata |
| apoplasic transport | movement of solutes along cell walls and in spaces between cells |
| apoplast | continuum of water soaked cell walls and inter-cellular spaces |
| casperian strips | waxy strips in the epidermis that block harmful ions from entering the vasculature. and prevents apoplastic transport |
| bulk flow | mass movement of liquid by pressure, gravity or both |
| tracheary elements | made of trachid cells and vessel elements of xylem, dead and empty of cytosol for water conduction |
| trachids | long narrow water conducting cells that have slanted ends that fit together to form long tubes. have pits along their length |
| vessels/vessel elements | water conducting cells that align in pipeline like files called vessels. |
| what makes trachids and vessel elements different? | vessel element are much more perforated and larger |
| embolism | blockage of vessels by air bubbles |
| root pressure | at night the roots accumulate high concentrations of ions that are not transported up. Causes water to rush in |
| guttation | root pressure is so great it causes water to gush up through the leaves create water droplets |
| cohesion-tension theory | explains long distance water movement in plants. water molecules cling together, pull others with |
| transpiration | water evaporates from plant surfaces |
| guard cells | sausage shaped cells connected at both ends, contain chloroplast, swell to open stomata |
| leaf abscission | leaves are dropped due to water stress |
| sieve tube elements | arranged end to end to create pipe structure for transport in the phloem |
| sieve plate | perforated end wall of sieve tube elements |
| companion cells | support sieve tube elements |
| phloem loading | how sugars are transported in the phloem involving companion cells |
| passive phloem loading | sugar made in cells next to companion cells and transported into companion cells and sieve tube elements |
| active phloem loading | sugar comes from other cells and is taken in from the inter-cellular space into the companion cells using ATP |
| pressure flow hypothesis | 1. phloem loading of sucrose lowers water potential in phloem so water enters 2. water absorption creates pressure forcing movement down gradient 3. pressure gradient equalized by unloading sucrose sink 4. water potential increases water flows out |
| sugar source | where sugar is produced, leaves and storage organs |
| sugar sink | where sugar is consumed: leaves develop, buds, flowers, fruit, seeds, roots, storage organs, non green stems |
| what elements plug wounded sieve tube elements to prevent leakage of sap? | p proteins and callose |
| chemiosmotic generation of ATP | ATPsynthase uses H+ electrochemical gradient to generate ATP. |
| substrate level generation of ATP | last step of glycolysis, enzyme catalyzes phosphate transfer to ADP |
| reduction oxidation reactions | generate reducing power, always work together one thing is oxidized and the other is reduced |
| electron transport molecules | act as intermediate molecules, can be grouped and used as a transport chain |
| photosystems | convert light energy into chemical energy |
| what are the three parts of the calvin cycle | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction and carbohydrate production 3. regeneration |
| carbon fixation | first part calvin cycle combine CO2 and 5C RuBP. |
| reduction and carbohydrate generation | second part of calvin cycle break 6C molecule into 2C and 3C molecules uses those to make sugar |
| regeneration | regenerate RuBP 5C starting molecule |
| rubisco enzyme | oxygenase in low CO2 and high O2 causing photorespiration (bad). carboxylase in high CO2 and low O2 cause the calvin cycle |
| photorespiration | due to oxygen build up the plant starts releasing CO2 and using O2 which is wasteful |
| C4 plants | adaptation to avoid photorespiration, physically separate rubisco action from the light reactions, calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells. CO2 from malate |
| CAM plants | adaptation to avoid photorespiration fix carbon into malate at night. run light reactions and calvin cycle during the day |
| nutrients | a substance that is metabolized or incorporated into an organism |
| essential nutrients | nutrients a plant needs to complete its reproductive life cycle |
| micro nutrient | needed in trace amounts |
| macro nutrient | needed in large amount (1g/ Kg plant matter) |
| what do plants require light for? | to create covalent bonds of organic compounds that make up the plant body |
| soil horizons | soil layers: top soil, sub soil, soil base, bedrock |
| humus | organic parts of soil hat come from dead organisms |
| leaching | the dissolution and removal of organic ions as water percolates |
| cation exchange | H+ replaces mineral cations on the surface os humus or clay particle so they can be taken up by the plant |
| fixed nitrogen | NH4+ NO3- NH3 |
| nitrogen fixation | the process where atmospheric nitrogen gas is combined with H to make ammonia. series of eduction steps that requires a lot of energy |
| biological nitrogen fixation | N fixation by nature in certain prokaryotes and lightning |
| industrial nitrogen fixation | N fixation by human activity |
| amonifying bacteria | N2----->NH3-----H2O-->NH4 using nitrogenase enzyme |
| N fixing bacteria | organic matter N---->NH4 |
| nitrifying bacteria | NH4----->NO3- |
| haber bosch reaction | done under high temp and pressure N2 + 3H2-----> 2NH3 |
| how do plants get nitrate into the root cells? | use a proton gradient and a co-transport to get the molecules in using energy |
| what are the three fates of the nitrate molecules once inside the root? | 1. transported to xylem for immediate use 2. storage in vacuoles 3. assimilated for immediate use |
| plant-prokaryte symbiosis | plants and bacteria have a mutually beneficial relationship, bacteria lives in plant and provides fixed nitrogen |
| root nodule | where symbiotic bacteria live on plant roots, they burrow into root to vasculature |
| what are the steps of node development? | 1. chemical attraction of bacteria to root 2. infection thread from root hair is entry point for bacteria 3. growth 4. development of vascular connections |
| what are the steps in nodulation signaling? | 1. flavenoid is signal molecule 2. flavenoid binds to a nodulation transcription factor Nod D 3. the complex binds to nodulation genes (Nod Box) 4. genes are transcribed to Nod proteins |
| mycorrhizae | plants that have symbiotic relationship with fungi |
| carnivorous plants | get nitrogen directly from animals |
| parasitic plant | obtain all or part of their water, organic molecules, and minerals form other organisms |
| how does the venus fly trap move? | it is stimulated by two quick successive taps which creates an action potential from an ion gradient which moves water in and out of cells changing turgor pressure |
| what are the 5 types of plant stimuli? | light, touch, circadian rhythm, gravity, defense |
| what are the three short term plant responses to light? | phototrophism, sun tracking, photnasty |
| what is the plant developmental response to light? | photomorphogenesis |
| what kind of light receiving molecules do blue light receptors use? | flavin chromophore |
| what are the three classes of blue light receptors? | phototropins, cryptochromes, Fbox protiens |
| phototropins | regulate blue light receptors, chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening and closing |
| cryptochromes | regulate stem growth, and stomtal opening, blue light receptors |
| F box proteins | blue light receptor that degrades other proteins regulated by ability to absorb blue light |
| phytochrome | red light receptor that acts as a switch between two forms in the cell |
| nastic movement | non directional movement that does not depend on the direction of the stimuli. fast and reversible eg:venus fly trap |
| tropism | growth towards or away from, depending on direction of stimulus |
| morphogenesis | changes in development that can occur as a plant grows |
| photomorphogenesis | how a plant grows when light is present |
| photoreceptor | mechanism of light interpretation |
| what are the two parts of a photoreceptor? | 1. protein 2. chromophore |
| chromophore | light absorbing molecule in photoreceptor |
| phototrophism | plant tendency to grow towards light |
| photonasty | tendency in certain plants to alter growth to change distribution axis |
| suntracking | plants follow the sun throughout the day |
| cryptochrome | blue light receptor regulates stem growth and stomatal opening and closing |
| phototropins | blue light receptors that regulate chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening and closing |
| F box proteins | degrade other proteins regulated by ability to absorb blue light |
| phytochrome | red light receptor that acts as a switch between two forms of the cell |
| what does cellular respiration do? | break down molecules into energy |
| what are the four main parts of cellular respiration? | 1. glycolysis 2. breakdown of pyruvate 3. citric acid cycle 4. oxdative phosphorylation |
| what is the main function of the light reaction? | to acquire energy from photons |
| what does the calvin cycle do? | use energy from ATP and reducing power to fix carbon. ultimately it makes sugars |
| what is the part of a photosystem that actually receives the light energy? | the light harvesting complex |
| what is the Z- scheme? | a series of energy changes of an electron during the light reactions of photosynthesis. the electron absorbs light energy twice. |
| what does the Z scheme activate? | Nadp+ reductase which reduces NADP to NADPH |
| where do the light reactions occur? | thylakoid membrane |
| in the light reactions what do pigments do? | create high energy electrons |
| what does ATP synthase do? | uses an H+ gradient to synthesize ATP |
| What does NADP+ reductase do ? | uses high energy electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
| What are ATP and NADPH? | high energy intermediates |
| what is oxidative phosphorylation? | energy from reduction if NADH and FADH2 is used to create an electrochemical gradient, which is used to synthesize ATP using ATPsynthase |
| what do phytochromes regulate in lettuce seedlings? | seed germination depending on red or far-red light treatment |
| what is the shade response triggered by? | phytochromes |
| how do plants detect they are being shaded? | changes in the amount of far-red vs. red light being absorbed by the phytochromes |
| do clouds and a canopy cause the same kind of shading? | no the canopy shading is absorbing the red wavelengths of light causing a different absorption in plants below |
| what are the two forms of the phytochrome molecule? | Pr and Pfr |
| how do red and far-red light work together? | they work antagonistically |
| what is SAS? | shade avoidance syndrom what happens to plants when the are shaded eg: elongation |
| what is the signal that a plant is being shaded | ratio of red to far red light |
| pifs | transcription factor negative regulators of light responses |
| what does far red light do? | it shifts to the pr inactive form thus not causing degradation of pifs |
| etiolation | dark growth |
| skotomorphogenesis | growth and development in the dark |
| what doesn't a plant grow in the dark | roots chlorophyll etc |
| heliotropism | movement of plants in response to light |
| what is an example of photonasty | leaf sleep movements |
| thigmatrophic responses | touch response |
| when do thigmatropic responses occur? | when the plant comes to an object |
| what are two types of of thigmatropic responses | negative or positive move away or toward an object |
| thigmonasty | rapid response to touch |
| what do thigmonastic responses involve as a mechanism | they initiate an action potential which spreads along the petiole to the polveni which change turgor pressure |
| what is ion movement in plants linked with? | closely linked to water movement |
| why would mimosa evolve? | protection, defense response to insect eating plant, minimize water loss in wind |
| what else can effect plant height | wind/ pressure or touch response makes them shorter |
| gravitropism | responses to gravity |
| what are two types of gratitropic responses | positive and negative |
| positive gravitropic response | grow toward where gravity is coming from. roots grow down w gravity |
| negative gravittropism | grow against gravity, shoots |
| how is gravity sensed | hypothesis is that statoliths shift in cells like a level |
| statoliths | sense gravity. amnyopasts starch filled plastids |
| where is grivity sensed in roots | root cap |
| where is gravity sensed in shoots | endodermis |
Created by:
ehehli
Popular Biology sets