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68WM6-A&P 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Movement of a body part away from the midline | abduction |
| movement of a body part toward the midline | adduction |
| a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis | articular cartilage |
| movement of the distal end of a bone in a circle | circumduction |
| the outer layer of bone that is hard and dense | compact bone |
| an oval projection of a bone that fits into an elliptical socket | condyle |
| a sharp edge (of a bone) | crest |
| a hollow tube made of hard, compact bone | diaphysis or shaft |
| a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum |
| cartilage between the epiphyses and the diaphysis | epiphyseal plate |
| the ends of a bone | epiphyses |
| movement that increases the angle between two connected bones (straightening a bent elbow, for example) | extension |
| movement that decreases the angle between two connected bones (bending the elbow, for example) | flexion |
| area where ossification is incomplete | fontanel or "soft spot" |
| the process of blood cell formation | hematopoiesis |
| the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone containing hellow bone marrow | medullary cavity |
| a large depression on the posterior surface of the humerus | olecranon fossa |
| bone reabsorbing cells | osteoclasts |
| living bone cells | osteocytes |
| a bone-forming cell | osteoblast |
| strong, fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces | periosteum |
| soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones | red bone marrow |
| movement that spins one bone relative to another (rotating the head at the neck joint, for example) | rotation |
| spaces or cavities withing some of the cranial bones | sinuses |
| the porous bone in the end of a long bone | spongy bone |
| an immovable joint | suture |
| the purpose of the skeletal system | provides a rigid framework and support structure for the whole body |
| the functions of the skeletal system | support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis |
| the four categories of bone | long, short, flat, irregular |
| the humerus and femur are examples of what type of bone | long bone |
| the carpals and tarsals are examples of what type of bone | short bone |
| the scapula is and example of what type of bone | flat bone |
| the pelvis is an example of what type of bone | irregular bone |
| bones that develop from layers of connective tissues (all flat bones and the clavicles develop in this manner) | intramembranous bones |
| bones that develop as cartilage which is later replace by bone (all bones other than flat bones and the clavicles devolop in this way) | endochondral bones |
| the division os the skeleton containing the head, neck, and trunk | axial |
| the division of the skeleton containing the upper and lower limbs | appendicular |
| joint composed of a thin layer of dense connective tissue, also called immovable or synarthroses | fibrous joint |
| joint connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, also called slightly movable or amphiarthroses | cartilaginous joint |
| most common type of joint, also called freely movable or diarthroses | synovial joint |
| moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand, for example) | circumduction |
| lowering a part (drooping the shoulders, for example) | depression |
| raising a part (shrugging thou shoulders, for example) | elevation |
| turning the foot so the sole is outward | eversion |
| turning the foot so the sole is inward | inversion |
| extending the foot at the ankle (bending the foot downward) | plantar flexion |
| moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward, for example) | protraction |
| moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward, for example) | retraction |
| moving a part around an axis (twisting the head side to side, for example) | rotation |
| relationship of various body parts to one another | alignment |
| area on which an object rests; stance with feet slightly apart | base of support |
| physiologic study of the muscular actions and the functions of muscles in maintaining posture of the body | body mechanics |
| abnormal flexion and fixation of a joint caused by atrophy | contractures |
| lying horizontal on the back | dorsal or supine |
| supine with head and shoulders up and extremeties moderately flexed | dorsal recumbent |
| bending or flexing backward (lifting toes upward, for example) | dorsiflexion |
| movement of joint that increases the angle between two adjoining bones | extension |
| movement of joint that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones | flexion |
| elevation of the head of the bed by 45-60 degrees | fowler's position |
| kneeling so the weight of the body is supported by knees and chest | genupectoral |
| extension beyond normal limit | hyperextension |
| inability to move freely | immobility |
| any connection between bones | joint |
| resting on the side | lateral position |
| supine with hips and knees flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally (childbirth) | lithotomy |
| turning the patient in bed as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment | logroll |
| ability to move with ease and without restriction | mobility |
| death of tissue | necrosis |
| ability to breathe only in upright position | orthopnea |
| posture assumed by patient sitting up at a 90 degree angle | orthopneic |
| turn or change of direction with feet remaining in a fixed place | pivot |
| ulcer that forms from local interference with circulation | pressure ulcer |
| palm of hand turned downward | pronation |
| lying face down | prone |
| normal movement any joint is capable of making | range of motion |
| modified fowlers position with head elevated 30-60 degrees and knees at 15 degrees | semi-fowlers position |
| downward and forward pressure on tissues beneath the skin | shearing force |
| palm forward or upward | supination |
| lying on back | supine |
| lying supine with head below legs and body | trendelenburg position |
| lying on the side, usually the left side | sim's position |
| factors that determine how much assitance one needs when moving a patient | ability of pt to assist; activity level; weight; medical equipment; pain level; surgical sites; medical diagnosis; complications of immobility |
| hazards of immobility (caused by improper alignment or positioning) | pressure ulcers; shearing force; contractures; fluid in lungs |
| patient teaching topics associated with immobility | teaching family to assist in positioning; assessing the environment to prevent falls; ROM exercises; avoidance of prolonged sitting (stretching frequently); making position changes slowly to prevent orthostatic hypotension |
| nursing interventions to prevent complications of immobility | repositioning; proper hydration/nutrition; ROM exercises; careful handling; proper positioning; early ambulation; antiembolism measures |
| things to consider when assisting a patient to ambulate | orthostatic hypotension; appropriate ammount of support; avoidance of overtiring; if falling, support the head |
| this level of support involves only holding a patient's arm to provide stability and reassurance | minimal support |
| this level of support requires caregiver to encircle the arm and support patients waist | moderate support |
| it requires two people to provide this type of support | maximum support |
| the patient conducts ROM exercises without assistance | active ROM |
| the patient conducts ROM exercises with assistance from THEMSELVES | active assisted ROM |
| the nurse conducts ROM exercises without the patient's help | passive ROM |
| the nurse assists the patient to complete ROM that they are able to partially complete unassisted | passive assisted ROM |
| contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle | actin |
| when stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all | all or none |
| those having opposing actions (muscles that flex the upper are are __________ to muscles that extend it) | antagonist |
| broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue | aponeuroses |
| wasting away of tissue | atrophy |
| synovial fluid filled sac located between some tendons and bones, making movement easier | bursa |
| increase in size, structure, or function (of a muscle) | hypertrophy |
| type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten and no movement is produced | isometric |
| type of muscle contraction in which the muscle length changes, producing movement of a joint | isotonic |
| the muscle mainly responsible for producing a particular movement | prime mover |
| basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle | sarcomere |
| muscles that assist the prime mover with movement | synergists |
| inflammation of the tendon sheath | tenosynovitis |
| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| muscle attachment to the bone that remains relatively stationary | origin |
| point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts | insertion |
| main part of the muscle (between origin and insertion) | body |
| three primary functions of skeletal muscles | movement, posture (muscle tone), heat |
| this muscle puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| muscle that surrounds the eye | orbicularis oculi |
| muscle that raises the eyebrows | frontal muscle |
| muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips (smiling) | zygomaticus |
| this muscle elevates the mandible (closes mouth) | masseter |
| this muscle assists the masseter in elevating the mandible | temporal |
| muscle in the front of the nexk that causes the head to move forward when flexed | sternocleidomastoid |
| muscle in back of neck and shoulders that elevates the shoulder and extends the head when flexed | trapezius |
| muscle that flexes the upper arm | pectoralis major |
| muscle that extends the upper arm | latissimus dorsi |
| muscle that abducts the upper arm | deltoid |
| muscle that flexes the forearm | biceps brachii |
| muscle that extends the forearm | triceps brachii |
| the four abdominal muscles | external oblique; internal oblique; transversus abdominus; rectus abdominus |
| two muscles associated with breathing | diaphragm, intercostal |
| three muscles of the hips and groin | iliopsoas; gluteus maximus; adductor muscles |
| three muscles of the hamstrings | semimembranosus; semitendinosus; biceps femoris |
| the muscles of the quadriceps femoris group | rectus femoris; vastus lateralis; vastus medialis; vastus intermedius |
| four major muscles of the lower leg | tibialis anterior; gastrocnemius; peroneus; soleus |
| close mouth and produce chewing movements | mastication |
| quick, jerky contractions that do now play a significant role in muscle activity | twitch |
| contractions that are sustained and steady caused by a series of stimuli bombarding a muscle in rapid succession | tetanic |
| contraction of a muscle that produces movement of a joint | isotonic |
| contraction of a muscle that does not produce movement | isometric |
Created by:
ewoff85
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