Question 1

Algae-Major characters

Accepted Answer

First with chlorophylls/chloroplasts
Largely aquatic
Many growth forms
"mixed bag of tricks"

Question 2

Bryophytes-Major characters

Accepted Answer

First with tissue differentiation, spores, cuticles, stomata
Gametophyte dominate
Sporophyte depends on gametophyte (parasitic)

Question 3

Ferns-Major characters

Accepted Answer

First with true vascular tissue, true leaves and roots, and development of wood in some.
Sporophyte dominant
Gametophyte reduced but independent of sporophyte

Question 4

Gymnosperms-Major characters

Accepted Answer

First seed-bearing plants (enclosed within cones/strobili)
First with pollen.
Name means "naked seed" because seed is not in an ovary 
NOT ALL ARE EVERGREEN, NOR ADAPTED TO COLD ENVIRONMENTS-DEPENDS ON GROUP!

Question 5

Green Algae

Accepted Answer

Group that gave rise to land plants
All have chlorphylls A and B

Question 6

Dinoflagellates

Accepted Answer

Form red tides in marine environments as a result of eutrophication

Question 7

Cyanobacteria

Accepted Answer

Form blooms in freshwater environments
Some contain toxins that can kill vertebrates if large amounts are ingested.

Question 8

Alternation of generations

Accepted Answer

Type of life cycle in which there is a reproductive (either sexually or asexually) haploid and diploid stage.  The sporophyte is diploid (2N, has two sets of chromosomes) and the gametophyte is haploid (1N, one set of chromosomes)

Question 9

Sporophyte

Accepted Answer

Diploid stage in Alt of Gen life cycle.
Produces haploid spores by meiosis

Question 10

Spores

Accepted Answer

Produced by meiosis in the sporangium of the sporophyte.  After production, the numbers are amplified by mitosis.

Question 11

Gametophyte

Accepted Answer

Haploid stage in the Alt of Gen life cycle.
Produces gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis because they are already haploid.
This occurs in the gametangia (antheridia-male, and archegonia-female) of the gametophyte.

Question 12

Spores vs Seeds

Accepted Answer

Spore=haploid, single cell, no embryo or nutrients, cheap to make
Seed= diploid, multiple cells, contains embryo and nutrients, requires more energy to make

Question 13

Sporangium

Accepted Answer

Structure on sporophyte that produces spores

Question 14

Sorus (pl. sori

Accepted Answer

Collection of sporangia on the undersides of fern fronds

Question 15

indusium

Accepted Answer

cap that covers a sorus in some species of ferns

Question 16

antheridium

Accepted Answer

structure on the gametophyte that produces male gametes (the first part of the word is anther, as in the part of flowering plants that produces male gametophytes,pollen)

Question 17

archegonium

Accepted Answer

structure on gametophyte that produces female gametes

Question 18

Moss vs Fern life cycles

Accepted Answer

Both depend on water for fertilization (for sperm to be carried to eggs)
Mosses-Gametophyte is dominant stage, sporophyte depends on gametophyte
Ferns-Sporophyte is dominant stage, gametophyte and sporophyte are independent of each other

Question 19

Conifers

Accepted Answer

Group of gymnosperms that is adapted to cold and drought (note, all gymnosperms are not this way)
Monoecious
Dominant gymnosperm group of Northern Hemisphere

Question 20

Conifer adaptations to cold and drought

Accepted Answer

scale-like or needle-like leaves
tough, thick, waxy cuticle
sunken stomata

Question 21

Advantage of spores

Accepted Answer

Allows for dispersal in air (vs water for algae)

Question 22

Advantage of seeds

Accepted Answer

Has nutritive tissue to support growth of embryo (sporophyte)

Question 23

Advantage of pollen

Accepted Answer

Water no longer required for fertilization (is it was in mosses, ferns, and algae)

Question 24

Advantage of vascular tissue

Accepted Answer

Able to move more water and nutrients so plants are able to grow big

Question 25

Frond

Accepted Answer

leaves of a fern

Question 26

Rhizome

Accepted Answer

Underground stem that grows horizontally. Characteristic of ferns

Question 27

Advantage of cuticle

Accepted Answer

Adaptation to life on land, helps prevent drying out (desiccation)

Bio104Lab 8

Plant Evolution


Algae-Major characters	First with chlorophylls/chloroplasts Largely aquatic Many growth forms "mixed bag of tricks"
Bryophytes-Major characters	First with tissue differentiation, spores, cuticles, stomata Gametophyte dominate Sporophyte depends on gametophyte (parasitic)
Ferns-Major characters	First with true vascular tissue, true leaves and roots, and development of wood in some. Sporophyte dominant Gametophyte reduced but independent of sporophyte
Gymnosperms-Major characters	First seed-bearing plants (enclosed within cones/strobili) First with pollen. Name means "naked seed" because seed is not in an ovary NOT ALL ARE EVERGREEN, NOR ADAPTED TO COLD ENVIRONMENTS-DEPENDS ON GROUP!
Green Algae	Group that gave rise to land plants All have chlorphylls A and B
Dinoflagellates	Form red tides in marine environments as a result of eutrophication
Cyanobacteria	Form blooms in freshwater environments Some contain toxins that can kill vertebrates if large amounts are ingested.
Alternation of generations	Type of life cycle in which there is a reproductive (either sexually or asexually) haploid and diploid stage. The sporophyte is diploid (2N, has two sets of chromosomes) and the gametophyte is haploid (1N, one set of chromosomes)
Sporophyte	Diploid stage in Alt of Gen life cycle. Produces haploid spores by meiosis
Spores	Produced by meiosis in the sporangium of the sporophyte. After production, the numbers are amplified by mitosis.
Gametophyte	Haploid stage in the Alt of Gen life cycle. Produces gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis because they are already haploid. This occurs in the gametangia (antheridia-male, and archegonia-female) of the gametophyte.
Spores vs Seeds	Spore=haploid, single cell, no embryo or nutrients, cheap to make Seed= diploid, multiple cells, contains embryo and nutrients, requires more energy to make
Sporangium	Structure on sporophyte that produces spores
Sorus (pl. sori	Collection of sporangia on the undersides of fern fronds
indusium	cap that covers a sorus in some species of ferns
antheridium	structure on the gametophyte that produces male gametes (the first part of the word is anther, as in the part of flowering plants that produces male gametophytes,pollen)
archegonium	structure on gametophyte that produces female gametes
Moss vs Fern life cycles	Both depend on water for fertilization (for sperm to be carried to eggs) Mosses-Gametophyte is dominant stage, sporophyte depends on gametophyte Ferns-Sporophyte is dominant stage, gametophyte and sporophyte are independent of each other
Conifers	Group of gymnosperms that is adapted to cold and drought (note, all gymnosperms are not this way) Monoecious Dominant gymnosperm group of Northern Hemisphere
Conifer adaptations to cold and drought	scale-like or needle-like leaves tough, thick, waxy cuticle sunken stomata
Advantage of spores	Allows for dispersal in air (vs water for algae)
Advantage of seeds	Has nutritive tissue to support growth of embryo (sporophyte)
Advantage of pollen	Water no longer required for fertilization (is it was in mosses, ferns, and algae)
Advantage of vascular tissue	Able to move more water and nutrients so plants are able to grow big
Frond	leaves of a fern
Rhizome	Underground stem that grows horizontally. Characteristic of ferns
Advantage of cuticle	Adaptation to life on land, helps prevent drying out (desiccation)

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