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CH 40
physiology, homeostasis, and temperature regulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is homeostasis? | the maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment of an organism |
| how does complex multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis? | they have specialized cells that help maintain an internal environment. the internal environment consists of extracellular fluid that bathes every cell. cells exchange materials with this environment |
| what are the four basic types of tissues in organisms? | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| describe epithelial tissues | sheets of densely packed and tightly connected cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces. |
| epithelial tissues have distinct inner and outer surfaces, describe these | apical ends (outer) and basil ends (inner)-rest on an extracellular matrix called basal lamina |
| describe connective tissue | consists of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that they secrete. |
| what are some protein fibers? | collagen and elastin |
| what is cartilage? | connective tissue that provides rigid structural support. a network of collagen fibers embedded in a flexible matrix of proteins and carbohydrates |
| what is adipose tissue | a connective tissue that forms and stores droplets of lipids. |
| describe muscle tissues | are made of elongated cells capale of contracting and causing movement by a sliding of protein filaments past each other they are the most abundant tissues in the body and use most o the energy the body produces |
| describe nervous tissue | composed of neurons. neurons are diverse in size and form. they functon by generating electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses |
| describe organs and organ systems | a discrete structure that carries out a specific function in the body is an organ - most organs include all four tissue types. Most organs are part of an organ system - a group of organs that function together |
| What is the maintenance of homeostasis dependent on? | is dependent on information recieved, specifically feedback information that signals any discrepency between the set point and the conditions present |
| what is the error signal? | the difference between the set point and the feedback information |
| what are effectors? | cells, tissues and organs that respond to commands from regulatory systems |
| what are regulatory systems? | obtain, process and integrate information, then issue commands to controlled systems which effect change. regulartory systems receive feedback information |
| what is the difference between negative and positive feedback? | negative feedback: causes effectors to reverse the influence that creates an error signal positive feedback: amplifies a response and increases deviation from a set point |
| what is feedforward information? | anticipates internal changes and changes the set point |
| temperature change in organisms | most physiological processes are temperature-sensitive, going faster at higher temps. reaction rates double or triple as temperature increases by 10 degrees C. temperature change can disrupt physiological functioning, throwing off the balance of cells. |
| animals are classified by how they respond to environmental temperatures. what are the three classifications? | homeotherms (maintain a constant body temp) poikilotherms (body temp changes when environmental temp changes) heterotherms (regulate body temperature at a constant level some of the time, such as hibernating) |
| what is the difference between ectotherms endotherms? | ecto: most animals, depend on external heat sources to maintain body temperature endo: all mammals and birds, regulate body temperature by generating metabolic heat and/or preventing heat loss |
Created by:
cassidylm34
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