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Blood V and Circ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body (not the lungs) and back to the heart. | Systemic vessels |
| Type of vessel that carries blood away from the heart | Artery |
| Type of vessel where exchange occurs between the blood and tissue fluid. | Capillary |
| Innermost layer of a blood vessel consisting of endothelium | Tunica intima |
| Middle layer of a blood vessel consisting of varying amounts of smooth muscle, elastic fibers, and collagen fibers. | Tunica media |
| Outer connective tissue layer of a blood vessel. | Tunica adventitia |
| Largest arteries; stretch and recoil when blood enters them | Elastic arteries |
| Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries; adapted for vasodilation and vasoconstriction. | Arterioles |
| Vessel that consists of only endothelium | Capillary |
| Regulates blood flow through capillaries | Precapillary sphincters |
| . Carry blood from capillaries to small veins | Venules |
| Structures in veins that prevent the backflow of blood. | Valves |
| Degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic | Arteriosclerosis |
| Vessel arising from the right ventricle | Pulmonary trunk |
| Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs; these two vessels arise from the pulmonary trunk. | Pulmonary arteries |
| Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. | Pulmonary veins |
| Gives rise to the coronary arteries, which supply the heart | Ascending aorta |
| Gives rise to the brachiocephalic, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian arteries. | Aortic arch |
| Longest part of the aorta, running from the aortic arch to the common iliac arteries. | Descending aort |
| Portion of the aorta between the aortic arch and diaphragm. | Thoracic aorta |
| A measure of the force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls; responsible for the movement of blood through blood vessels | Blood pressure |
| Maximum blood pressure; caused by ventricular systole | Systolic pressure |
| Minimum blood pressure; caused by ventricular diastole | Diastolic pressure |
| The most common clinical method of determining blood pressure; uses a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer | Auscultatory |
| Result from vibrations caused by turbulent blood flow through a constricted artery. | Korotkoff sounds |
| The pressure when the first Korotkoff sound is heard | Systolic pressure |
| The 80 in a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 | Diastolic pressure |
| The greatest drop in blood pressure occurs here | Arterioles and capillaries |
| Has the lowest resistance to blood flow | Veins |
| Regulates blood flow through specific tissues | Arterioles and capillaries |
| Regulates blood flow to regions of the bod | Muscular arteries |
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called (1) | Pulse pressure |
| During exercise, stroke volume (2) , causing pulse pressure to (3) . | Increases, Increase |
| In arteriosclerosis, the pulse pressure (4) because arteries are less elastic than normal | Increases |
| The (5) is a pressure wave produced by ejection of blood from the left ventricle. | Pulse |
| If stroke volume (6) , or constriction of the muscular arteries (7) , a weak pulse results. | Decreases, Increases |
| Means by which nutrients and waste products move across the capillary walls into interstitial spaces. | Diffusion |
| Force that moves fluid out of blood into tissues. | Blood pressure |
| Force that moves fluid out of tissues into blood. | Osmosis |
| At the arterial end of capillaries this force is the greatest. | Blood pressure |
| . At the venous end of capillaries this force is the greatest. | Osmosis |
| Removes excess fluid from tissues and returns the fluid to the blood. | Lymphatic capillaries |
| Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation. | Edema |
| Achieved by contraction and relaxation of the precapillary sphincters | Local control |
| Effect of decreased oxygen or increased carbon dioxide on the precapillary sphincters. | Relaxation |
| Regulates most blood vessels except for capillaries and precapillary sphincters. | Nervous control |
| Part of the sympathetic nervous system; continually stimulates most blood vessels. | Vasomotor center |
| . Condition of partial constriction of blood vessels caused by sympathetic stimulation. | Vasomotor tone |
| Control system that routes blood from the skin and viscera to exercising muscles | Nervous control |
| . Control system that allows more blood to flow through exercising muscle tissue | Local control |
| Slightly less than the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta | Mean arterial pressure |
| Equal to heart rate times stroke volume | Cardiac output |
| Total resistance to blood flow in all the blood vessels. | Peripheral resistance |
| Equal to cardiac output times peripheral resistance. | Mean arterial pressure |
| Equal to heart rate times stroke volume times peripheral resistance | Mean arterial pressure |
| Pressure receptors that respond to stretch produced by blood pressure are called (1) . | Baroreceptors |
| A decrease in blood pressure is detected by these receptors and activates baroreceptor reflexes. As a result, blood vessels (2) , and vasomotor tone (3) . | Vasoconstrict, Increases |
| The change in blood vessel diameter causes peripheral resistance to (4) , and this in turn causes blood pressure to (5) | Increase, Increase |
| At the same time, baroreceptor reflexes cause heart rate and stroke volume to (6) . These changes causes blood pressure to (7) . | Increase, Increase |
| Receptors that respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH are called (1) . | Chemoreceptors |
| d (1) . They are located in the carotid bodies, aortic bodies, and medulla oblongata. A decrease in blood oxygen, an increase in blood carbon dioxide, or a decrease in blood pH activate chemoreceptor reflexes | Chemoreceptors |
| As a result, blood vessels (2) , and vasomotor tone (1) . The change in blood vessel diameter causes peripheral resistance to (4) , and this in turn causes blood pressure to (5) . | Vasoconstric,Increases, Increase,Increase |
| The change in blood pressure (6) blood flow to the lungs, which helps to increase blood oxygen levels and decrease blood carbon dioxide levels. | Increases |
| Released by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction. | Epinephrine |
| Released by the kidneys in response to a decrease in blood pressure; converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. | Renin |
| Produced from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme; increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction | Angiotensin II |
| Acts on the adrenal cortex to cause increased aldosterone secretion. | Angiotensin II |
| Increases sodium and water uptake in the kidneys; maintains or increases blood pressure by maintaining or increasing blood volume. | Aldosterone |
| Secreted by the hypothalamus this hormone prevents water loss from the kidneys; maintains blood pressure by maintaining blood volume; also causes vasoconstriction. | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Released from the right atrium this hormone stimulates increased urine production; decreases blood pressure by decreasing blood volume. | Atrial natriuretic hormone |
| List five functions of peripheral circulation. | Carry blood, exchange nutrients and gases, transport hormones, regulate blood pressure, and direct blood flow |
| List the types of blood vessels, starting and ending at the heart | Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vein |
| Name the three layers or tunics of a blood vessel. | Tunic intima, tunic media, and tunic adventitia |
| Name the two major forces responsible for moving fluids into and out of capillaries. | Blood pressure moves fluid out of capillaries, and osmosis moves fluid into capillaries |
| State three ways blood flow through tissues is controlled | Local control, nervous control, and hormonal control |
| Write the formula that describes how heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance affect mean arterial pressure. | MAP = HR x SV x PR |
| List two nervous mechanisms for regulating blood pressure. | Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes |
| List four hormonal mechanisms for regulating blood pressure. | Epinephrine, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone |
Created by:
kc66501
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