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Female Reproduction
Lecture Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gonads | Primary sex organs. F-ovaries. M-testes. Functions: Produce sex cells (gametes). F-oocyte, M-sperm. Produce sex hormones: Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone. Affect maturation, development, & activity of repro system. |
| Puberty | Initiated when hypothalamus begins secreting GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone). Stimulates release of gonadotropins FSH & LH from anterior pituitary. Stimulate gonads to make sex hormones. |
| Puberty part 2 | Increased sex hormones start the process of gamete maturation & sexual maturation. Women release 1 egg each month. Men create 100-200 mil sperm each day. |
| Perineum | Diamond-shaped area. Bordered by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx. Urogenital triagle & anal triangle. A male 7 female structure! |
| Vulva | A region. Anything you can see on the outside of females. |
| Ovaries | Primary sex organs. Smooth in young girls. Scarred & pitted after puberty. Tunica albuginea. Ovarian cortex-follicles (oocytes surrounded by follicle cells). Ovarian medulla-loose CT, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves. Keeps eggs alive. |
| Oogenesis | Meiotic maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte. Begins in female fetus. Born w/ 1.5mil follicles. Ovary & oocyte remain inactive until puberty. By puberty about 400,000 follicles remain. |
| Embryonic and fetal period | Oogenesis. Follicle Development. |
| Childhood | Ovary is inactive. Houses primordial follicles. |
| Monthly, from puberty to menopause | 1 egg released/month. Meiosis 2 completed only if fertilization occurs. |
| 3 Phases of 28 Day Ovarian Cycle | Follicular phase (days 1-13). Ovulation (day 14). Luteal phase (days 15-28). |
| Follicular phase | Days 1-13. FSH and LH stimulate maturation of follicle. Bleeding day 1-uterus contracts. |
| Ovulation | Day 14. Expulsion of oocyte from ovary, LH surge. Highest sex drive. Can get pregnant here. |
| Luteal Phase | Days 15-28. Follicular cells turn into corpus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone, preparing uterus. It breaks down into a white scar-corpus albicans. Decrease in hormone release=menstruation. Woman thinks she's pregnant. |
| Uterine Tubes | AKA oviducts. Most common site of fertilization. Fimbriae enclose ovary only at time of ovulation. Mucosa-ciliated simple columnar. Cilia beat oocyte toward uterus. Muscularis-peristaltic waves. Serosa. |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | Implantation outside of the uterus. Most common is tubal pregnancy: fertilized oocyte implants in uterine tube-unable to expand. Can't survive past week 8. Cramping. Tube may rupture. No way to treat that spares the embryo. |
| Uterus | Posterior & superior to bladder. Functions: site of implantation. Support, protect, & nourish fertilized egg. Fundus, Body, Cervix, External os-filled w/ mucous plug that thins during ovulation. |
| Wall of the Uterus | Perimetrium-serosa. Myometrium-muscularis, 3 smooth muscle layers. Endometrium-mucosa: Stratum functionalis-shed as menses. Stratum basalis. |
| Cervical Cancer | Risk: HPV infection. HIV infection. Age, Low social status. Pap smear tests to detect. Treatment: Cone biopsy, hysterectomy. Not painful. 4,000 deaths/year in U.S. |
| Endometriosis | Endometrium not shed out of vagina but displaced into oviduct or abdominal cavity. Can still grow in response to hormones, but menses not shed. Causes pain, scarring, & deformities. Treated w/ hormones/surgery. |
| 28 Day Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle | Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5). Proliferative Phase (Days 6-14). Secretory Phase (Days 15-28). Any variation occurs in the 1st 2 phases. Secretory phase is always 14 days. |
| Menstrual Phase | Days 1-5. Functional layer is sloughed. Menstruating. |
| Proliferative Phase | Days 6-14. Development of functional layer. Rebuild. |
| Secretory Phase | Days 15-28. Progesterone secretion increases vascularization & development of uterine glands. If oocyte not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates causing progesterone levels to decrease. Stratum functionalis sloughs off w/o it. Think you're pregnant. |
| Gonadotropin levels | FSH and LH surge just before ovulation. LH-huge surge. FSH-smaller surge. |
| Ovarian hormones levels | Estrogen surges before ovulation. Gets the egg ready. Progesterone surges after ovulation. It gets the uterus ready. |
| Vagina | Fibromuscular tube inferior to uterus. Birth canal. Receives penis. Passage for menstruation. Highly distensible wall: mucosa, muscularis, adventitia. Fornix, rugae, vaginal orifice, vestibular glands, hymen-dense, irregular CT. |
| Vulva | External genitalia. Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urethral orifice. |
| Breast or mammary gland | Mammary glands-prolactin, oxytocin. Lactiferous ducts-10-20 per breast. Nipple. Areola-pigmented, covered in sebaceous glands, changes color during pregnancy. Suspensory ligaments-CT, holds breast in place. |
| Breast Cancer | Affects 1 in 8 women. can occur in men. Risk: genetic, increased exposure to estrogen over long period: Early menarche w/ late menopause. Obesity, never having been pregnant. Self breast exam and mammograms. |
| Menopause | Normally occurs between the ages of 45 & 55. Cessation of ovulation & menstruation. Circulating levels of estrogen & progesterone decline. Reduction in size of uterus and breasts. Bone mass declines-osteoporosis. |
Created by:
punkaloo
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