Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Worsham Micro Q1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | the study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms |
| eukaryotic | have a true nucleus and membranebound organelles |
| prokaryotic | do not have a nucleus or membranebound organelles |
| taxonomical hierarchy | Domain, Kingdom, Division/Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| 3 primary Domains | Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya |
| 5 Kingdoms | Prokaryote or Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant and Animal |
| Binomial nomenclature | formal system of naming species |
| Scientific study of bacteria | bacteriology |
| Mycology | scientific study of fungal organisms. |
| Rickettsiology | scientific study of rickettsia |
| immunology | study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms |
| simple, single-celled organisms that are prokaryotic, a member of the Monera Kingdom, and are generally 1 of 3 shapes | basic characteristics of bacterial cells |
| what type of bacteria has no cell wall, is the smallest free-living organism and is intermediate in size between most bacterial cells and viruses | Mycoplasma bacteria |
| what type of bacteria is generally involve an insect in disease transmssion to a human host, are obligate intracellular parasites, and cause diseases known as typhus fevers | Richettsia bacteria |
| what type if bacteria is an obligate intercellular parasite and has a unique life cycle | Chlamydia bacteria |
| what are the characteristics of Protozoa | Eukaryotes (Domain), most are unicellular, the first formed animals(simpleast of animals), and Protista Kingdom |
| what are the characteristics of fungal organisms | Eukaryotes (Domain), Fungi Kingdom, examples are mold and yeast |
| what are the characteristics of a virus | submicroscopic, acellular, contains a nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid containing either DNA or RNA |
| what does submicroscopic mean | must be seen with an electron microscope |
| capsid | protein coat |
| obligate intracellular parasites | can only reproduce within a host cell and cannot survive outside the host cell |
| CJD | a degenerative nuerological disease that is always fatal |
| CJD and mad cow disease are examples of | prions |
| characteristics of prions | abnormal infectious protein, very resistant to vacines, typical starilizing is not saficant, and causes diseases known as transmissible spongilform encephalopathies (TSE's) where the brain takes on a sponge-like appearance |
| what is the purpose of Gram Stain and Acid-fast stain | to identify types of bacteria |
| Gram-negative bacteria means | they tend to be more resistant to penicillin |
| what genus is Acid-fast used to id | Mycobacterium |
| Leparacey and tuberculosis is identified by | Acid-fast stain |
| morphology | the study of shape and form without regard to function |
| bacteria is measured in | micrometers |
| 3 primary shapes of bacteria | sphereical, rod-shaped & spiral |
| cocci (coccus) are | sphereical or berry shaped |
| Staphylococcus aureus (skin abscess) and Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) are what shape | cocci or sphereical |
| bacillus (bacilli) are | rod-shaped or colum like |
| Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever), Shigella olysenteriae (shigellosis) and Clostridium tetani (tetanus are what shape | bacillus or rod-shaped |
| vibrio are | comma-shaped |
| spirochetes are | helical (flexible when in motion) |
| spirillum are | helical (rigid when in motion) |
| monomorphic | does not change shape |
| pleomorphic | does change shape |
| Most bacteria are monomorphic, T/F | True |
| diplococci | cocci that remain in pairs |
| streptococci | cocci that remain attached in a chainlike pattern after dividing |
| tetrads | cocci that divides in 2 planes & remain in groups of 4 |
| sarcinae | cocci that divides in 3 planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of 8 |
| staphylococci | cocci that divides in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters |
| diplobacilli | bacilli that divides across the short axis and remain in pairs |
| strptobacilli | bacilli that divides across their short axis and remains in chains |
| coccobacilli | bacilli are oval and look so much like cocci they are called coccobacilli |
| capsule | closely attached and organized outer layer of the cell wall |
| slime layer | loosely attached and unorganized outer layer of the cell wall |
| glycocalyx | a sticky, gelatinous coating secreted that surround the cell wall |
| how does the capsule or slime layer enhance virulence | resisting phagocytosis |
| this type of bacteria has a capsule | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| flagella | long, whiplike, filament-containing appendages that allow bacteria to move (motility) |
| monotrichous | single polar flagellum |
| amphitrichous | flagellum or flegella at both ends of a bacteria |
| lophotrichous | tufts or bunches of flagella at one end of the bacteria |
| peritrichous | flagella covering the entire surface |
| taxis is | movement toward or away from a stimulus |
| phototaxis | bacterial stimulus is light |
| chemotaxes | bacterial stimuli includes chemicals |
| axial filaments or endoflagella | unique type of flagella produced by spirochetes |
| an example of a bacteria that produces axial filaments is | Treponema pallidum (syphilis) |
| pili (fimbriae) | short hairlike or bristle-like appendages that allow bacterica to attach to surfaces |
| an example of bacteria that produces pili is | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) |
| What are the main functions of a bacterial cell wall | prevents rupturing when the water pressure inside is greater then outside and helps maintain the shape of the bacterium |
| peptidoglycan | primary macromolecular network of a bacterial cell wall |
| A Gram-Pos cell wall has many layers or few layers of peptidoglycan | many |
| teichoic acids are found in Gram-Pos or Gram-Neg | Gram-Pos |
| A Gram-Neg cell wall has many layers or few layers of peptidoglycan | few |
| Gram-Neg cell wall consists of | lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids |
| What is the purpose of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phosphlipids in what type of cell | helps evade phagocytosis in Gram-Neg |
| Which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage, Gram-Pos or Gram-Neg | Gram-Neg |
| What is the lipid portion of lipoplysaccharides called and referred to as | Lipid A and endotoxin |
| When is endotoxin released | when there is bacterial lysis |
| What are the 2 primary types of toxins | endotoxin and exotoxin |
| what is an example of an atypical bacterial cell | Mycoplasma |
| what is selective toxicity | when the chemical difference in the bacterial cell wall from the host cells so that antibiotics will target the bacteria and not the host's cells |
| What is the digestive enzyme that can damage the bacterial cell wall that is present in saliva and mucus | lysozyme |
| Which cell wall is almost completely destroyed by lysozyme | Gram-Pos |
| What is a wall-less cell is called | portoplast |
| When lysozyme is present a Gram-Neg the cell wall is | not completely destroyed |
| spheroplast is | what remains of a Gram-Neg cell and its wall after lysozyme |
| where is the plasma membrane located | inside the cell wall, enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell |
| what is the most important function of the plasma membrane | determines what substances exit and enter the cell |
| What are the types of movement of materials across membranes | passive and active |
| when substances move with the concentration gradient, is that passive or active | passive |
| how much ATP is expended in passive transport | none |
| how do substances move against the concentration gradient | active transport and use of ATP |
| what is simple diffusion | the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through passive transport |
| what is facilitated diffusion | substances are transported through the plasma membrane by using a carrier protein from high concentration to low concentration |
| carrier proteins are also known as | transporter or protease |
| what is osmosis | the simple diffusion of water |
| what is a solvent | the substance the solute is being desolved in |
| what is a solute | the substance being desolved |
| what is a solution | the mixture of the solvent and solute |
| what are the 3 types of osmotic solutions a bacterial cell may be subjected to | isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic |
| isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic are describing the | solute concentration outside the cell |
| when the solute concentration outside the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell the cell is in what type of solution | isotonic or in equilibrium |
| what is a hypotonic solution | when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell |
| when a cell is in a hypotonic solution it may burst or collapse | expand and burst |
| plasmoptysis or osmotic lysis is | when a cell expands and bursts |
| hypo means | less or under |
| hyer means | above or more |
| what is a hypertonic solution | when the solute concentratin outside the cell is high then the solute concentratin inside |
| when a cell is in a hypertonic solution it may burst or colapse | shrink and collapse |
| when a cell undergoes plasmolysis it | shrinks and collapses |
| in active transport is the the substance being transported chemically changed? | no |
| what type of cells use group translocation and what is different about it | prokaryotic cells and the substance is chemically altered |
| in a prokaryotic cell where is the cytoplasm | inside the plasma membrane where all major structures are located |
| what are inclusions or inclusion bodies | temporary storage of ATP and other nutriants, controls meterial being released throughout the cell |
| what are 3 other names for nuclear area | nuclear body, nuclear region, nucleoid |
| what is the function of ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| is the creation of an endospore a reproductive or a defense mechanism | defense or protective |
| what type of cells create endospores, Gram-Pos or Gram-Neg | Gram-Pos |
| What shape are the bacteria that create endospores | rod-shaped |
| what is the process of spore formation called | sporulation or sporogenisis |
| non-spor state is called | vegetative state |
| germination of a spor is | going from spor to vegetative |
| what are the important characteristics of the bacterial cell wall | prevents rupture, helps maintian shape & integrity, point of anchorage for flagella, produces peptidoglycan |
| what type of cell has many layers of peptidoglycon superior to plasma membrane and contains teichoic acids | Gram-pos |
| what type of cell only has 1 or few layers of peptodoglycan & an outer membrane, consists of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins & phosholipids and products 2 types of toxins | Gram-neg |
| which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage, Gram-pos or neg | Gram-neg |
| which is better at evading phagocytosis | Gram-neg |
| Lipid A is referred to as | an endotoxin |
| endotoxins are not released unless | there is bacterial lysis |
| what are the 2 types of toxins | endotoxins and exotoxin |
| endotoxins are apart of | the Gram-neg cell wall |
| exotoxins are secreated | to the outside of the cell |
| protoplast | wall-less cell when the cell wall is destroyed by lysozyme in Gram-pos cells |
| spheroplast | when the cell wall is not completely destroyed by lysozyme in Gram-neg cell |
| where is the plasma membrane of a bacteria cell located | internal to the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell |
| what is the primary function of the plasma membrane of the bacteria cell | determines what substances exit and enter the cell |
| what are 2 secondary functions of the plasms membrane of the bacteria cell | enzymatic breakdown of nutrients and enzymatic production of ATP |
| passive transport | allows substances to cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the concentration gradient, no energy is used |
| active transport | movement of substances in and out of the cell against the concentration gradient, using energy |
| simple diffusion | net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of larger molecules from higher to lower areas of concentration by using a carrier protein (protease) |
| osmosis | simple diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| what effect would an isotonic solution have on the bacterial cell wall | none, it would be in equilibrium |
| what effect would a hypertonic solution have on the bacterial cell wall | the cell would shrink, collapse or undergo plasmolysis. concentration outside is higher then inside |
| what effect would a hypotonic solution have on the bacterial cell wall | expand & burst; plasmoptysis; osmotic lysis. concentration outside is lower then inside |
| what type of cell uses group transport | prokaryotic cells |
| what type of transport chemically changes during the transport process | group transport |
| what types of transport use ATP | group and active |
| what type of transport moves molecules against the concentration graident | active transport |
| where is the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell | inside the cell wall & plasma membrane |
| where is teh cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell | inside the cell wall & plasma membrane but outside the nueclus |
| where is the cell's genetic info located | vuclear body (nuclear area, nuclear region, uncleoid) |
| what structure is responsible for protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| function of the inclusion bodies | temporary storage of nutrients |
| what shape are endospores | Rod-shaped |
| What genera form endospores | Clostridium and Bacillus |
| what would make a bacterial cell form an endospore | the environment for the bacterial cell have changes so drasticly, the cell cannot survive |
| what is the non-spore state of an endospore forming cell | vegetative |
| when returning to vegetative state | germination |
| is an endospore is created is it for reproduction or protection | protection |
| psychrophile | bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temps between 0-25 degrees C |
| mesophile | bacteria that prefer moderate temps and develop best at temps between 25-40 degrees C |
| thermophile | bacteria that thrive best at high temps between 40-70 degrees C |
| temp below which bacterial growth will not take place | minimum growth temperature |
| temp above which bacterial growth will not take place | maximum growth temperature |
| temp at which organisms grow best | optimum growth temperature |
| what is the optimum pH for bacterial growth | near neutral, range from 6-8 |
| there is no net flow of water in or out of the cell when | osmotic pressure is high |
| what are major nutrient requirements for bacteria | water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, copper, molybdenum and zinc |
| why is water important to bacterial growth | all require moisture but not all need the same amount |
| why is carbon important to bacterial growth | structural backbone and one of the most important requirements for growth |
| why are N,S,P,Fe, Cu, Zn & molybdenum important for bacterial growth | needed by the cell for protein synthesis, synthesis of DNA, RNA & ATP |
| bacteria that require complex organic food from a carbon source to grow & develop or "other feeder" | heterotroph-most pathogenic bacteria |
| self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds, uses carbon dioxide | autroph-plants |
| completely dependant on their living host for nutrients they need to survive | obligate parasite |
| survives on dead or decaying organic matter | obligate saprophyte |
| facultative parasite | has the ability to adpat and survive on living organic matter but prefers dead or decaying organic matter |
| facultative saprophyte | has the ability to adapt and survive on dead or decaying organic matter but perfers living organic matter |
| obligate aerobe | microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen, because they need it to metablolize sugars |
| obligate anaerobe | microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen |
| adapted to survival in the presence of oxygen but prefers the live without oxygen | facultative aerobe |
| adapted to survival without oxygen but prefers the presence of oxygen | facultative anaerobe |
| microaerophile | microorganisms that require little free oxygen (2-10%) |
| microorganisms that thrive/require the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide, low oxygen | capnophile |
| bacterial colony | visible group of bacteria growing on a culture medium |
| more then 1 species | mixed colony |
| pure colony | only 1 species |
| simple transverse division | binary fission |
| binary fission | method of asexual reporduction in bacteria in which the parent cell splits into 2 parts (daughter cells) |
| time required for a cell to divide (population to double) | generation time |
| bacterial growth calculation equation | Bf=Bix2N |
| Bf is | final bacterial population after a determinded amount of time |
| Bi is | given value (number of bacterial cells) |
| N is | number of generations |
Created by:
1157564676
Popular Science sets