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zoo lecture part 1
part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the body organization of Mollusks? | Shell-internal or external/for support Mantle- outside layer Visceral Mass- holds organs Foot- Muscular portion for motion Radula- scraping tongue |
| Function of the Mantle | Secretes shell and creates the mantle cavity (space inside the mantle) |
| How do Mollusck's move with foot? | Exudes mucus and snail slides on the trail to move |
| What is the least evolved taxonomically based on the Cladogram? Snail, Squid, Clam, tusk shell, Chiton. (Put in order) | (least to most) Chiton Snail Squid Clams Tusk Shells |
| Function of Gills/Ctenidia | Breathing and respiration, used to capture food by coating with mucus and sending to digestion. |
| Marsupium | Gill with eggs |
| Excurrent vs Incurrent Siphon | Excurrent- allows water to exit Incurrent- allows water to enter |
| Pallial Line | where the mantle is attached, can be seen when top shell is removed. |
| Labial Palp (function) | Senses food and moves it around |
| Are organisms in Class Bivalvia Monoecious or Dioecious, what is an example of a organism from Class Bivalvia? | Dioecious; Clam |
| How do organisms in Class Bivalvia reproduce? | Sperm is dispelled simulatenously and causes the water to turn milky, sperm is then inhaled and transported to the gills/marsupium for fertilization |
| What are Glochidia? | Larvae of the clams which are parasitic on fish in the larval stage |
| What part of the scallop do we eat? | Adductor muscles |
| What are the layers of the shell for Bivalves? | Mantle Nacre Prismatic layer Periostracum |
| How are pearls made by Clams? | When something sticks beneath the mantle, Nacre, which secretes a "mother of pearl" color builds up over time until a round pearl is formed |
| "Golden Fleece" (potential extra credit) | Cloth made from the threads of the Noble Pen Shell's byssal threads |
| What does Serotonin and Prozac cause clams to do? (potential EC) | Squirt their gametes on command |
| What class does Chiton belong to? | Class Polyplacophora |
| What class do Clams belong to? | Class Bivalvia |
| Where are Chitons located and how do they feed, and how do the sense? | location- marine only Feeding- use radula to scrap and pull food in Sense- shell contains sensory projections |
| How do those in Class Scaphopoda feed? | Their tentacles grab food and get Oxygen from the other end. |
| Torsion | during development, the anus turns around twice leading the anus to being on top of the gills |
| How do organism get around torsion? (3 ways) | untort Push anus out of a hole to poop Wrap up poop in mucus |
| How did Corus Victoriae Conch Shells modify their radula's? | Radula became harpoon shaped and tipped with poison that stabs fish. |
| How is the Corus Victoriae venom being used for clinical use? | The venom does not cause pain it dulls it, the venom could be useful in cancer or terminally ill patients because it keeps the person actively aware of the surrounds but without pain |
| Moon snail radula modification | Radula modified into a drill that drill into mantles and eats the softer insides |
| What type of circulatory system do most mollusc's have? What is the exception? | Open circulatory; Class Cephalopoda |
| What are general characteristics of Class Cephalopoda? | Has a closed circulatory system 3 hearts (Branchial heart-for gills; Systematic heart- for body) |
| Describe how Nautilus grows | When young live in a small area in shell, as it grows new space is made to leave and the old space is closed off by septa, most recent abandoned chamber filled with liquid and then turned to gas nautilus buoyant. |
| What animals are in Subclass Coleoidea, give slight description | Cuttlefish- internal shell Octopus- no shell Squid- internal shell |
| What is the name for the Squid and cuttlefish shell? | Squid- "Pen" Cuttlefish- "cuttlebone" |
| What did the Foot evolve to in Coleoidea and Nautilus? | Originally a blob of muscle became the tentacles, arms and siphon |
| What are the function of tentacles and arms? | Predation |
| What type of mantle do organism in Cl. Cephalopoda have? | Thick and leathery |
| How do organisms in Cl. Cephalopoda move? | Radial muscles contract causing the mantle to expand which leads to water rushing in. When circular muscles contract, the organism becomes long and skinny and water squirts out the siphon. |
| What happens to organism in Cl. Cephalopoda if they become scared/threatened? | The ink sac, which is connected to the rectum squirts out and can leave an imprint of themself or cause the waters to muddy. |
| What makes cuttlefish economically useful? | Sepia is made from the glands of cuttlefish |
| How do Octopi and Squid camoflague themselves? | When chromatophore (in octopus) contract, it spreads the pigment of the color it needs it become. Photophores (in squid) are light emitting and organs that hide their shadows from predators due to bacteria in their bodies that glow. |
| How are Octopi and Squid eyes more advanced than Humans? | They have no blind spot. |
| How do Cl. Cephalopoda reproduce? | They are dioecious and have sex but the penis is too small, therefore, tentacles are reach in, grab a spermatophore and drop the spermaphore into the mantle cavity |
| Hectocotylis octopodis | Orginally thought to be a parasite inside the octopus, but actually a tentacle |
| Hectocotylid arm | arm that is left inside the mantle cavity after copulation |
| How many times do male and females in Cl. Cephalopoda mate in a lifetime? | Once; Males lose their Hectocotylid arm and females produce a poisonous chemical that kills her but saves her babies |
| What do Great Squid eat? | Orange Roughy |
| How do Great Squid reproduce? | Through traumatic insemination, the penis is sharp and is forced through the wall of the skin |
| Colossial Squid feed on? | Chilian Sea Bass |
| What phylum do velvet worms belong to? | Phylum Onychophora |
| What are characteristics of Phylum Onychophora? body type, circulatory,respiration, movement | Undergo ecdysis (molts) chitin exoskeleton do not sclerotize (squishy) Claws are the only part that hardens Open circulatory system Slow moving Tracheal system (for respiration) |
| Unique characteristics of P. Onychophora from Arthropods and Annelida | Spiracles do not close, constantly loses water vapor, restricted to wet environment. Cilated nephridia for osmoregulation appendages non-jointed have mandibles |
| How long is the gestation period for Velvet worms? | 10-13 months |
| What do velvet worms feed on? How? | Crickets; glands produce streams of glue that is shot at their prey and causes them to get stuck, the more they thrash, the more stuck they get. Velvet worm eats the insect and reprocesses the glue |
| What phylum of animal can survive in outer space? | Phylum Tardigrada, "Water Bears" |
| What general characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda? | Segmented, bilateral symmetry, ventral nerve cord, coelomate, jointed appendages, open circ, striated mus., Malpighan tubules, Green glands |
| Green glands function | release items that can't leave through gills |
| Malpighian tubules | for Nitrogen Excretion |
| What is respiration structure in aquatic and terrestial Arthropoda? | gills-aquatic trachea- terrestial (open at spiracles) |
| Trachea | branch throughout body to deliver oxygen |
| Diferrence between forked and unforked appendages | Unforked=straight Forked=not straight (biramous) |
| How did appendages evolve from ancestrial arthropods? | segments combined to make later species |
| Cephalothorax | Head and thorax |
| Tagma | group of segments that combine into a functional region |
| Does the S.P Trilobita still exist? | Nope, it's extinct |
| What animals are in S.P Myriapoda? Describe them and they Classes. | Many legged; Cl. Chilopoda-Centipede, Cl. Diplopoda- Millipede Centipedes poisonous, millipedes not poisonous |
| General characteristics of S.P Crustacea | Have mandibles, biramous appendages |
| What animals belong to S.P Hexapoda? general characteristics | Insects (Cl. Insecta) Six-legged arthropods |
| Gnathobases | For grinding food |
| What class do Horseshoe crabs belong to? | Cl. Merostomata |
| Characteristics of S.P Trilobita | Divided into 3 sections longitudinally and segmented (possibly rolled), biramous appendage, some crawled, some aquatic |
| What was the biramous appendages used for Trilobites? | One for locomotion the other for gill or motion |
| What is the tagma of Trilobites? | Head, thorax, tail, antennae, eyes |
| Tagma of Millipedes | head and trunk, antennae and manibules for chewing trunk-string of segments 4 legs per segment not poisonous |
| What do millipedes do if scared? | Roll up or emit a stink from anus or a small (not threatening to human) amount of cyanide |
| Caudal Bristles | Velco-like that hits ant and sticks to it and the more the ant tries to remove it the more sticks until it dies |
| Tagma of Centipede | head, antennae, trunk one pair of legs per segment front pair of legs from segment are "poison claws" eat insects |
| One silly difference between millipedes and centipeddes | Millipedes sink, centipedes swim |
| What makes a crustacean? | Mandibles, biramous appendages, cephalothorax and abdomen |
| What do Crayfish use for sensory organs? | antennules, antennae used for tasting, feeling and smelling |
| What do Crayfish use for feeding? | Mandibles, maxillae and maxillipeds |
| What do Crayfish use for defense? | Chelipeds, defense and show off to females |
| Telson | butt of crayfish |
| Describe internal anatomy of crayfish | Has 2 stomachs, a cardiac stomach that pyloric stomach that is divided by 3 internal teeth. Heptopancreas |
| Hepatopancreas | digestive gland that contributes enzymes and detoxifies pollution |
| What substance do Crayfish excrete? | Ammonia, released through gills |
| Green glands | release ions other than Nitrogen excretion |
| How crayfish breathe? | gills; which are attached legs |
| What type circulatory system do Crayfish have? | Open |
| How does a open circulatory system work? | Blood leads to aorta and from the heart goes out into the body cavity and has ostia which bring blood back heart |
| What class do Barnacles belong to? | Cl. Cirrepedia |
| What material do Barnacles build their "houses" with? | Calcium, live in head first, and kicks food into mouth |
| How do Daphnia breathe, feed and swim? | Breathe and feed with legs and swim with antennae |
| Reproductive structures of Daphnia | Male-post abdomen Female-has brood chamber for eggs |
| What do Daphnia do in stressed situation with eggs | make thick shelled haploid eggs that need to be fertilized by males, instead of producing eggs asexually |
| General characteristics of S.P chelicerata? appendages/body structure | Cephalothorax and abdomen Chelicerae, pedipalps, no mandibles, 4-5 walking legs |
| How do Horseshoe Crab (P. Merostomata) reproduce? | Female comes to shore to lay eggs, male attaches to female and follows to squirt sperm on eggs |
| what do P. Merostomata feed on? How? | horseshoe crabs feed on molluscs and anything they can catch, they grind up food with gnathobases |
| How do P. Merostomata breathe? | Book gills |
| Why Horseshoe crabs important to medicine? | Have LAL in blood that is used to test drugs for contaminants, process now regulated to 1/3 blood taken from horseshoe crabs. |
| Characteristics of Sea Spiders (Cl. Pynogonida) | 4-6 pairs of legs, no circulatory system, gut delivers food to body, no excretory system, no respiratory system |
| Unique characteristics of Sea spiders | Male takes care of eggs |
| Ovigerous legs | extra set of legs that the Male Sea Spider has to care for the eggs until they hatch |
| Characteristics of Scorpions | Have stingers on tails |
| Characteristics of Daddy Long Legs | Not poisonous Has single body segment (tagma) |
| Characteristics of Ticks/mites | single body tagma, if mouthparts left in body can cause disease |
| What disease do Ticks carry? | Lyme disease, Rocky mountain spotted fever |
| What will happen if one tries to 'burn' a tick off? | The tick will salivate more and possibly pump more of the disease into the body |
| Mites affect the body how? | Not permanent, cause itching after they drop off, some live in eyebrows and eat shed skin |
| Solfugids characteristics | run fast, predators with large chelicerae, no venom glands, eat lizards |
| General Characteristics of Spiders | Simple eyes, cephalothorax, legs attached to cephalothorax NOT abdomen! All spiders are poisonous (not all have enough to effect humans) |
| Proteolyte poison | rots skin, in Brown recluse |
| Differences in Black widow and Brown recluse | Recluse- 6 eyes in a semicircular with a fiddle on it's back Widow- red hourglass shape with 8 eyes, hang upside from web |
| What do tarantulas do when upset? | Through barbs that bounce off skin but stick to membranes |
| What tagma do Insects have? | Three: head, thorax, abdomen |
| What are the main uses of the tagma in insects? | Head: sensory purposes and feeding (eyes/mouth) Thorax: locomotion (legs/wings) Abdomen: reproduction |
| Describe uses for Mouthparts | Labrum- closes mouth cavity Mandibles- grinding Maxillae- sharp point for ripping and blunt point manipulating (has palps) Labium- back lip |
| Hypopharynx | separates food canal from salivary canal |
| What animals have piercing-sucking mouthparts? | Mosquitos, aphids, squash bugs |
| What do female and mosquitos feed on? | Female- blood Male- nectar |
| What do aphids and squash bugs eat? | Phloem from plants |
| What animals use siphoning mouthparts? | Butterflies |
| What animals use sponging mouthparts? | Flies |
| What animals use Cutting-sponging mouthparts? | Horsefly/Deerfly |
| Describe sensory organs in Insects | Antennae-used for tactile, chemoreceptors (smell/taste), proprioreceptors (positions/stretch), photoreceptors=compound eyes that sense images, simple eyes sense the presence/intensity of light |
| What is the difference between being primatively wingless and secondarily wingless | Primatively wingless means the organism never had wings, secondarily wingless means they once had wings but lost them due to lifestyle |
| elytra | covers hindwings in beetles and ladybugs allows them to move into hard, rocky areas |
| Tegmina | leathery wing covers |
| Halteres | In Flies, they are sensory organs used to figure out wing speed and pressure |
| How do insects reproduce? | Female has an ovipositor that delivers eggs, where the eggs are delivered depends on shape of ovipositor. |
| Aedeagus? | Penis |
| What type of digestive system do Insects have? | Complete digestive system |
| Crop | for storage |
| Gizzard | For grinding |
| What are the Crop and Gizzard referred to as? | Foregut |
| Gastric caecae | food is put enzymes to digest for a longer time |
| Hindgut | anus |
| Malpighian tubules | handle nitrogenous waste and dispose it out of the anus with feces and Uric acid for Nitrogenous waste (in insects) |
| How do insects breathe? | With trachea, open to the outside through spiracles that can close off to stop water vapor loss, tracheoles send oxygen through the body |
| How to kill lice? | Suffocate them with mayonaisse to kill adults and repeat to kill hatched eggs |
| General Characteristics of P. Echinodermata | Radially symmetrical, primarily 5-sided, Water vascular system, (use water pressure for locomotion) deuterostome, radial cleavage, coelom juvenile bilateral symmetry; adult radially symmetry |
| Tube Feet | for locomotion and clinging |
| Describe the skeleton of P. Echinodermata | Spines, papulae-dermal branchia and pedicellariae |
| What kind of digestive system do P. Echinodermata have? | Full/complete digestive system |
| What are physiological qualities to Echinodermata? | Can not live without marine water, can not osmoregulate |
| What class are Starfish? | Class Asteroidea |
| What are characteristics of Class Asteroidea | Predatory, arms jointed broadly to central disc |
| What are characteristics of Class Ophiuroidea? | (Brittle stars) skinny arms with lots of space on central disc, detritivores |
| What are characteristics of Class Crinodea? | (Sea Lily) Permanent bottom dwellers, use arms to catch food, detritivores |
| What are characteristics of Class Echinoidea? | No arms, plates on endoskeleton very rigid and fused together. Eat seaweed (kelp) |
| What are characteristics of Class Holothuroidea? | Leathery, tentacles at end like a mop and sweep food with mouth, detritivores |
| Autoevisceration | Sea cucumber split body and push out digestive organs for predator to eat and then they regenerate their organs |
| Why are P. Echinoderms studied? | For the regenerative purposes |
| What animals can regenerate, what parts? | Planaria (whole body) Salamander (rebuilds limbs) Chickens (regenerate neurons in retina) Echinoderms (arms) |
| Ametabolis | being primitively wingless |
| Describe life cycle of Ametabolis | egg, juvenile, molting and eating, adult, reproductively active and feeds |
| In Ametabolis what is difference between juvenile and adult stages? | Adults have functional gonads (Silverfish) |
| Describe life cycle of Hemimetabolous | egg, nymph (land) and naiad (aquatic), adult with wings, and reproductively active |
| Describe life cycle of holometabolous | egg, larva, molts and feeding, enters stage of pupa, adult reproductively active |
| Difference in larva and adult stage in holometabolous? | Larva and adults feed on different things and stops food competition |
| Who is Heathcliff? | largest cockroach |
| Reflective bleeding | ladybugs squirt haemolymph when threatened |
| Asian lady beetles | bleed when trying to sweep them off the walls |
| Skeletal system of Arthropods | Molt in order to grow, only molt as juveniles, shell made of chitin and sclerotizes (hardens)which changes color and shape |
| Problems with molting | leaves organisms defenseless for 2-4 hours |
| How do aphids reproduce? | Dioecious, sexual reproduction, normally produce females but in times of stress produce males and all have wings |
| Parthenogenesis | producing identicals |
| What do arthropods use for respiration (structures) | spiracles, tracheoles, trachea, gills/bubbles |
| What type of circulatory system do arthropods have? | Open; does not deliver oxygen, has white blood cells. Blood is haemolymph which is clear/yellowy |
| Why do insect wings spread? | Hemolymph pressure, wings have veins |
| Meconium | first bowel movement in an inactive digestive tract (butterflies) |
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Studylikeagirl
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