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Science 6 Quarter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| attract | to draw towards itself |
| repel | to draw away from |
| polar molecule | a molecule that has electrically charged areas |
| adhesion | the attraction of water molecules to different substances |
| cohesion | the attraction of one water molecule to another water molecule |
| surface tension | the tightness across the surface of water caused by the polar water molecules pulling on each other. |
| capillary action | the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials. |
| dissolve | to make or become into a solution or liquid |
| solvent | the part of the solution present in the largest amount and dissolves a substance (solute) |
| water vapor | the invisible, gaseous form of water |
| density | the amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume |
| water cycle | the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back, passing through the living and nonliving parts of the environment |
| contamination | to make impure by contact or pollution |
| evaporation | the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gaseous state |
| condensation | the process by which a gas changes to a liquid |
| solute | the part of the solution in a lesser amount and is being dissolved |
| What is water made up of? | Two (positively charged) hydrogen atoms & 1 (negatively charged) oxygen atom |
| Why is water considered a polar substance? | Water molecules have electrically charged areas |
| What property allows fish in a lake to survive winter's freezing temperatures? | Ice floats because it is less dense than water. Fish live in water below the ice. |
| What happens ot the molecules of water vapor when the temperature of the gas cools to 100 degrees C | Water molecules slow down and begin to change back to a liquid state. |
| Why is water often called the "universal solvent"? | Water can dissolve so mnay substances. |
| specific heat | that amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain amout of substance by 1 degree C. |
| suspension | A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separted by settling or filtration |
| solution | A mixture in which the particles cannot be separated by settling or filtration |
| colloid | A mixture in which the particles are undissolved but do not settle out |
| What is the source of energy that drives the water cycle? | the sun |
| How much of the earth's water is salt water? | 97% |
| Where is freshwater found on earth? | ice, ground water, lakes & rivers, water vapor |
| Evaporation | Process in which molecules absorb enough energy to change into gas |
| Transpiration | The process in which plants loss water vapor through opennings in the leaves |
| Condesation | The process by which a gas changes to a liquid (process that forms clouds_ |
| Precipitation | Any water that falls to earth including rain, sleet, snow, hail |
| How long do water molecules stay in the atmosphere? | 10 days |
| Where does water evaporate? | oceans, lakes, skin & plants |
| irrigation | the process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops. |
| What are the uses of water? | agricultures, household uses, industry, tranporation, and recreation |
| runoff | water that flows under the ground |
| Where does drinking water come from? | rivers, lakes, reservoirs or aquifers *must be treated & purified |
| How can water be conservered? | reducing water use, recycling water, reusing water, sprinkler or drip irrigation systems |
| salinity | the total amount of dissolved salts in water |
| How is ocean water different form fresh water? | ocean water freezes at a lower temperature & is more dense & more buoyancy. |
| What are currents? | large streams of moving water that flow through oceans |
| How do currents affect climate? | A surface current warms or cools that air above it, influencing the climate of the land near the coast |
| hydroelectric power | electricity produced by the kinetic energy of water movign over a waterfall or a dam |
| kinetic energy | the form of energy that an object has when it is moving |
| potential energy | the form of energy that is stored and waiting to be used |
| Benefits of hydroeletric power | clean, safe, efficient, naturally renewed |
| Disadvantages of hydroelectirc power | expensive to staart, affects all living things in area around plant |
| conservation | using a resource wisely so that is will not be used up |
| filtration | process of passing water through a series of screens that allows the water through but not large solid particles (first step in water treatment) |
| weathering | process that breakes down rock and other substances at Earth's surface |
| erosion | the movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity |
| mechanical weathering | type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces |
| How does mechanical weathering occur? | freezing and thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, action of animals, abrasion |
| ice wedging | watger expands whne is freezes and acts as a wedge |
| abrasion | rock particles carried by wind, water and ice can wear away rocks |
| chemical weathering | process that breaks down rock through chemical changes |
| agents of chemical weathering | water, oxgyen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain |
| What are the most important facors that determine the rate of weathering? | type of rock and type of climate |
| permeable | full of air spaces that allow water to seep through it |
| weather | the conditions of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular place and time |
| atmosphere | layres of gases that surrounds Earth |
| Why the the atmosphere important to living thigs? | Atmosphere contains oxygen & other gases, traps energy from sun, keeps Earth warm so that water is abundant in a liquid state |
| What two gases are the most abundant in the atmosphere? | nitrogen & oxygen |
| air pollution | change to the atmosphere that has harmful effects. |
| emissions | particles and gases that are released into the air |
| photochemical smog | thick, brownish haze formed when certain gases in the air react with sunlight. *major source of gases: cars & trucks |
| temperature inversion | layer of warm air prevents the rising air from escaping. The polluted air is trapped close to Earth's surface. |
| acid rain | precipitation that is more acidic than normal (caused by burning of coal & oil gases released in air from factories & power plants that return in Earth's surface with precipitation). |
| ozone layer | layer of the upper atmosphere about 30 kilometers above Earth's surface. This layer protects people from the effects of too much ultraviolet radiation. |
| greenhouse effect | trapping of heat near Earth's surface. This theory predicts that an increase in carbon dioxide will cause Earth's average temperature to rise |
| Causes of Air Pollution | Natural Events (volcanic eruptions & forest fires)& Human Activities (vehicle exhaust, industry/factory, construction, power plants, products with CFSs) |
| Effect of Air Pollution on Humans | reppiratory problems, allergies, watery eyes, nerve damage, cancer |
| air pressure | the result of the weight of a column of air pusshign down on an area |
| barometer | instrument that measures changes in air pressure |
| 2 types of barometers | mercury barometer & aneroid barometer |
| units for air pressure | inches of mercury or millibars |
| altitude | elevation or distance above sea level |
| As air pressure decreases... | altitude increases |
| properties of air | mass, density, pressure, volume & temperature |
| 4 main layers of the amtosphere | troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere |
| troposphere | inner or lowest layer to Earth's surface; weather occurs here, dnsest layers, where life exists, contains 99% of water vapor in atmosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases |
| stratosphere | continas ozone layer, dry and less dense, temperature increases as altitude increases |
| mesosphere | shooting stars burn up here, temperature decreases as altitude increases |
| thermosphere | divided into two layers: inosphere & exosphere |
| ionosphere | Lower layer of thermosphere, contain Northern Lights |
| Exosphere | outer layer of thermosphere, satellites orbit in this layer |
| What are winds caused by? | Differences in air pressure |
| humidity | measurement of the amount of water vapro in the air |
| relative humidity | the percentage of water vapor in teh air compared to the maximum amout that air could hold |
| How is humidity measured? | psychrometer (two thermometers, a wet-bulb & dry-bulb) |
| Cumulus Clouds | clouds that look like fluffy, round piles of clouds; associated with fair weather |
| Stratus Clouds | clouds taht form in flat layers weather: as they thicken drizzle, rain or snow |
| Cirrus Clouds | wispy, feathery clouds Weather: storm is on its way |
| drought | logn periods of low precipitation |
| rain | water droplets at least .5mm in diameter |
| sleet | ice particesl smaller than 5 mmm in diameter (freeze in air) |
| freezing rain | rain that freezes on cold surface |
| hail | ice pellets larger than 5 mm in diameter |
| snow | ice crystals |
| What is needed for precipitation to occur? | cloud droplets or ice crystals must grwo heavy enougth to fall through the air |
| temperature | the average amount of energy of motion fo each molecule of a substance |
| How is air temperature measured | thermometer |
| thunderstorm | storm with heavy rainfall accompanied by thunder and lightening (formed by cumulonimbus clouds) |
| tornado | rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that raches down from storm cloud to touch Earth's surface (develops in low, heavy cumulonimbus clouds) |
| hurricane | topricla storm that has winds of 119 km per hour or higher. Begins over warm water as a low-pressure area |
| natual factors that affect temperature | latitude, altitude, distance from large bodies of water, ocean currents |
| natural factors that affect precipitation in a region | pevailing winds, mountain ranges |
| air mass | a huge body of air that has similar temperature |
| cold front | a rapidly moving cold air mass runs into a slowly moving war air mass |
| warm front | a moving warm air mass collides with a slowly moving cold air mass |
| stationary front | a cold air mass and warm air mass meet and reamin stalled over an area |
| occluded front | a war air mass is caught between two cooler air masses |
Created by:
jmebuckley
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