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BSC 2010C - Review 3
Biology I - Review List
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chromosome | One sister chromatids separate they are again called chromosomes |
| Sister chromatid | Refers to the copy of a chromosomes that results from DNA replication and is still closely linked to its original |
| Kinase | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule |
| Cyclin | Chemical that helps cell cycle go around |
| Restriction Point | cell makes Centromere decisions |
| Cell Cycle | 2-phase cycle during which a cell replicates its DNA, divides, and then goes through the processes necessary to replicate DNA. The two phases of the Cell Cycle are Interphase and Mitosis. |
| Mitosis | shorter phase of the 2-phase eukaryotic cell cycle. *Interphase is the first phase* *Somatic Cells* |
| Meiosis | Cellular production that result in the formation of four haploid cells from one diploid cell. *Produces germ cells.* *the first round of DNA replication* |
| Diploid | Total number of chromosomes present in a cell |
| Haploid | The number of unique chromosomes or homologous pairs in a cell. Half the diploid number |
| Law of Segregation | The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation |
| Law of independence assortment | Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation. |
| Pleiotropy | Single genes can affect multiple characteristics Ex. Sickle cell anemia, Marfan’s syndrome |
| aneuploidy | abnormal chromosome number |
| Epistasis | On occasion the expression of one gene interferes with the expression of another gene Ex. Color coat in mice |
| Multiple alleles (ABO) | Many genes have more than one allele or even two alleles |
| Incomplete dominance | one allele not completely dominant in heterozygote Example: color in snapdragons |
| Monohybrid crosses | hybridized two true-breeding plants for one form of a single characteristic |
| Monohybrid | dealing with a single trait. Like eye color or hair color |
| Hybrid crosses | hybridized plants that combined two of the seven characteristics he studied |
| Sex-linked cross | A Heterozygous yellow flower with wrinkled seeds was crossed with a pink flower heterozygous for smooth seeds. Do the Dihybrid cross. Yyww |
| Barr bodies | The compact object which was the condense inactive X chromosome in each female |
| Down syndrome | Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure Example: trisomic chromosome 21 |
| Xxy | males |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | is a condition caused by a chromosome abnormality in males (specifically, a non-disjunction); sufferers have a pair of X sex chromosomes instead of just one. |
| SRY | Male determination gene |
| Xyy | Klinefelter's syndrome 47 chromosome |
| Fragile X Syndrome | Most common cause of developmental decay in the world |
| XO | Human Males(XY), Female Chickens(ZW) and Female Grasshoppers(XO) are All Hemizygous |
| Non-disjunction | ○ sufferers have a pair of X sex chromosomes instead of just one. ○ Associated with down syndrome ○ Happens during meiosis ○ Chromosomes fail to separate ○ Anaphase ○ Causes: § Down syndrome (Two types) |
| Rh crosses | AA x Aa Genotype: A A 2:2:0 A AA AA Phenotype: 4:0 a Aa Aa |
| Genomic imprinting | Your cells know which parent they came from |
| True/false: Haploid cells have 22 chromosomes each. | F, they have 23. |
| Trisomy | 2n + 1 (DS) |
| Monosomy | 2n - 1 (DS) |
| Karotype | Display of chromosome pairs |
| Tetrads | paired homologous chromosomes with tow chromatids each |
| 2n Rule | N = # of heterozygous pairs 2n = # of combinations |
| Synapsis | chromosomes pair up |
| Chiasmata | During Meiosis, (Prophase1)"crossing over" →exchanging genetic info. (DNA) |
| Polygenic inheritance | Single characteristic influenced by many genes Example: height |
| Cancer Cells | *Cancer Does not follow these Laws!* Cancer is contracted…. 95% Random 5% hereditary Treatments: ○ Radiation ○ Chemotherapy P53 "Guardian Genome" Tumor suppressor, controls cell suicide |
| Henizygous | indicates a gene is present and active with only one copy |
| Homozygous | means that an individual has two of the same type of alleles for a given trait in a diploid cell. One chromosome is derived from the father gamete cell and the other from the mother gamete. Example: Homozygous Dominant (BB) = brown/brown for eye color |
| Heterozygous (carrier) | means that an individual has one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a given trait Example: Bb is heterozygous for the eye color alleles. |
| Phenotype | physical characteristics of organism |
| Genotype | genetic make up of organism |
| Punnett Square | used to track gametes and offspring |
| Alleles | Alternative Forms of A Gene That Encode for Differing Forms Of The Same Trait Example: Eye Color Is A Single Trait With Many Color Variations: Blue, Hazel, Brown, Green, Violet |
| What is the name for the position of a gene on a chromosome? | Locus (plural: loci). |
| What is the term used to describe a change in a cell's genetic code? | Mutation |
| What is an allele called if it shows in a heterozygous genotype? | Dominant |
| What is an allele called if it is not expressed unless it's genotype homozygous? | Recessive |
| Which is the form of inheritance where 2 or more alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype? | Incomplete Inheritance. |
| What are the 4 types of inheritance? | Simple Inheritance; Incomplete Inheritance; Co-Domination; Sex-linked Inheritance. |
| All genes begin with the same 3 letters: ___. | ATG |
| There are 3 "stop" condons. What are they? | TAA, TAG, TGA |
| There are a total of ___ possible condons. | 64 |
| What is the name for the 3-base group used in genetic code? | Condon |
| Mutations will only be inherited if they occur in what? | In gametes or in the zygote cell. |
| What are the daughter cells produced by Mitosis called? | Diploid Cells |
| How many daughter cells does Meiosis produce? | 4 |
| How many chromosomes do diploid cells have? | 46 chromosomes each (23 pairs). |
| What is the passing on of characteristics from the parents to the offspring called? | Heredity |
| Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes in the same loci are called what? | Homologous Pairs |
| Females have a homologous pair of chromosomes (____). | XX |
| Males have an ____ chromosome. | XY |
| In a Pedigree, a male is represented by what? | Square |
| In a Pedigree, a female is represented by what? | Circle |
| What are chromosomes made of? | DNA and Proteins |
| What is the likelihood that a specific event will occur called? | Probability |
| Who is the "father of modern genetics"? | Gregor Mendel. |
| What is the type of inheritance that is gneder-specific? | Sex-linked Inheritance |
| What are genetically identical cells, created through Mitosis called? | Daughter cells. |
| Why would you expect half the children born in the world to be female? | 50% carries a X or Y chromosome |
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