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MolecularBiology10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endogenous agents | Agents that damage DNA that are formed inside the cell by normal metabolic pathways. |
| exogenous agents | Agents that damage DNA that come from the surrounding environment. |
| mutagens | DNA damaging agents that cause mutations. |
| carcinogens | Mutagens that cause cancer. |
| proto-oncogenes | Genes that code for products that promote normal cell growth and division. |
| oncogenes | Mutated proto-oncogenes, which synthesize a larger quantity of the normal gene product or a more active mutant gene product. |
| tumor suppressor genes | Genes that code for products that cause cell division and replication to slow down. |
| transition | Mutation in which a pyrimidine on one strand is replaced by a different pyrimidine and a purine on the other strand is replaced by a different purine. |
| transversion | Mutation in which a pyrimidine on one strand is replaced with a purine and a purine on the other strand is replaced with a pyrimidine. |
| mismatch repair | corrects rare base pair mismatches and short deletions or insertions that a[ear in DNA following replication |
| MutS | protein that binds to a mismatch site and forms complex with MutL. The MutS-MutL complex recruits MutH |
| MutL | binds to Mut S |
| MutH | binds to a hemi-methylated (GATC) site. Makes a cut in the non-methylated daughter strand so exonuclease can eat up the mutation. |
| hemi-methylated DNA | A sequence of DNA with only one methylated strand |
| deoxyadenosine methylase | An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine molecules to deoxyadenosines in GATC sequences. |
| UvrD | Helicase II (UvrD) unwinds the DNA toward the mismatch |
| Ames test | A diagnostic procedure used to detect potential carcinogens i by the ability of the agen to cause mutations in bacterial cells. |
| cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) | A form of DNA damage caused by UV irradiation, in which by two new bonds form between adjacent pyrimidines on the same DNA strand. |
| (6-4) photoproduct | A form of DNA damage caused by UV irradiation, in which a bond is formed between the C-6 atom of the 3'-pyrimidine and the C-4 atom of the 5'-pyrimidine. |
| AP site | A location in DNA that does not have either a purine or pyrimidine base, usually due to DNA damage resulting in N-glycosyl bond cleavage. |
| deamination | deamination converts cytosine, guanine, and adenine to uracil, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. |
| alkylating agents | A highly reactive group of electrophiles that transfer methyl, ethyl, or larger alkyl groups to the electron-rich atoms in DNA. |
| adduct | The product formed by attaching a chemical group to DNA. |
| monoadduct | The product formed when a chemical group attaches to a single site on the DNA molecule. |
| AP site | A location in DNA that does not have either a purine or pyrimidine base, usually due to DNA damage resulting in N-glycosyl bond cleavage. |
| deamination | deamination converts cytosine, guanine, and adenine to uracil, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. |
| alkylating agents | A highly reactive group of electrophiles that transfer methyl, ethyl, or larger alkyl groups to the electron-rich atoms in DNA. |
| adduct | The product formed by attaching a chemical group to DNA. |
| monoadduct | The product formed when a chemical group attaches to a single site on the DNA molecule. |
| polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) | Chemical compounds that consist of fused aromatic rings that can damage DNA after they are metabolically activated. |
| aflatoxins | A class of chemical carcinogen produced by some members of the genus Aspergillus (fungi) that can damage DNA if activated. Inserts themselves into the DNA. |
| cross-linking | Many alkylating agents have two reactive site and can intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks. Prevents strands from being opened. Nitrogen mustard gas. |
| nitrates | forms nitrous acid (HNO2), used as preservatives in processed meats such as bacon, sausage, and hotdogs, reacts with amine groups attached to the ring structure in cytosine, adenine, and guanine, greatly increasing their risk of deamination. |
| sulfites | additive present in wine and beer greatly increases your risk of cytosine deamination |
| base excision repair (BER) | A multistep pathway that repairs damage to DNA bases caused by deamination, oxidation, and alkylation. |
| nucleotide excision repair | Eukaryotic pathway also known as the global genome excision repair pathway that repairs untranscribed DNA. |
| CPD photolyase | The photoreactivation enzyme that reverses cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesions. |
| dealkylation | another means of direct damage reversal. |
| DNA glycosylase | An enzyme that catalyzes N-glycosyl bond cleavage. |
| DNA glycosylase/lyase | An enzyme that has glycosylase and AP lyase activity. |
| AP endonuclease | An enzyme in the BER pathway that hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site to generate a nick. |
| short patch repair | A repair pathway used when only a single nucleotide is replaced. |
| long patch repair | A repair pathway used when 2 to 8 nucleotides are replaced. |
Created by:
yayitzlauren
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