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GI tract AP
GI system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 Divisions of the digestive system | Ailmentary Tube & Accessory Organs |
| where ailmentary tube starts and ends | Mouth and Anus |
| What the ailmentary tube consists of | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| Large intestine also called this | colon |
| accessory organs contribute something to this | digestion |
| accessory organs consist of these | teethe, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| 2 types of digestion | mechanical and chemical |
| the physical breaking up of food | mechanical digestion |
| mechanical digestion happens here | oral cavity and stomach |
| complex molecules are changed into simpler chemicals that the body can use | chemical digestion |
| catalyst that speed up chemical reaction | enzymes |
| how many types of reactions can each enzyme act on | one |
| the result of the chemical reactions are known as | end products |
| 3 types of complex organic molecules | carbs, proteins, and fats |
| carbs used for producing______ | ATP |
| Carbs broken down into this | monosaccharides |
| examples of monosaccharides | glucose and fructose |
| proteins are broken down into this | amino acids |
| fats broken down into this | fatty acids and glycerol |
| fats important in building______and_______ | myelin sheath and cell membranes |
| 2nd most important food source for making cellular energy | fats |
| used for mastication | teeth |
| deciduos teeth | baby teeth |
| number of deciduous teeth | 20 |
| deciduous teeth erupt at this age | 6 months |
| deciduous teeth complete at this age | 2 |
| permanant teeth begin with these | molars |
| permanant teeth begin to erupt around this age | 6 years |
| number of permanant teeth | 32 |
| crownis above this | gingival |
| your gum is also called this | gingiva |
| dentin is similar to this | bone |
| pulp contains this | blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphocytes |
| hard substance that helps in chewing and resisting decay | enamel |
| neck located here | between the socket and the gingiva |
| attaches tooth to bone and surrounding structures | periodontal |
| root located here | enclosed in the socket in the mandible and maxilla |
| substance covering the tooth root | cementum |
| area between the teeth and the lips or cheeks | vestibule |
| made of skeletal muscles and nerves | tongue |
| on tongue surface; contains many tastebuds | papillae |
| functions of the tongue | taste, move food, mix food with saliva, pushes food back |
| first step of swallowing | bolus |
| 3 pairs of salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| where parotid glands are located | below the front of the ears |
| where submandibular glands are located | posterior corners of the mandible |
| where sublingual glands are located | below the floor of the mouth |
| saliva increasing is the work of this response | parasympathetic |
| what causes salivary increase | anything in mouth, sight or smell of food |
| saliva decreasing is the work of this response | sympathetic |
| what causes salivary decrease | stress |
| saliva made of this | h2o and salivary amylase |
| salivary amylase starts to break down this | starch molecules |
| pharynx also called this | throat |
| pharynx related to GI because of this | swallowing |
| muscular tube used for transport of food to the stomach | esophagus |
| the act of swallowing | deglutition |
| waves of contaction that move food in one direction | peristalsis |
| reverse peristalsis | throwing up |
| 2 names for the sphincter in the stomach | cardiac and lower esophageal |
| cardiac sphincter opens for this reason | to let food in |
| LES closes to prevent this | back up of food |
| heartburn occurs when this happens | LES does not close properly |
| lining made of epithelial and areolar connective tissue | mucosa |
| 2 thin layers of smooth muscle | mucosa |
| secreted by the epithelium to lubricate food as it passes through the esophagus | mucous |
| mucosa also secretes this int he stomach and small intestine | digestive enzymes |
| located below the epithelium | lymph nodules |
| lymph nodules contain these | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| lymphocytes main purpose in the lymphnodules | produce antibodies |
| macrophages main purpose in the lymphnodules | phagocytize bacteria and other pathogens |
| phagocytize | eat |
| thin layers of smooth muscle creates this in the mucosa | folds |
| folds of smooth muscle do this | help increase surface area and assure that all epithelial cells are intouch with the contents of that organ |
| folds in smooth muscle also important for this | absorption |
| submucosa macde of this | areolar connective tissue |
| submucosa contains this | numerous blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers |
| network of nerves | plexus |
| pertains to digestion | enteric |
| meissners plexus located here | submucosa |
| meissners plexus also known as this | enteric nervous system |
| brunner's gland located here | submucosa |
| purpose of brunners glands | produce mucous found in submucosa |
| peyers patches located here | submucosa |
| what are peyer's patches | collection of lymphatic tissue in the submucosa |
| contains sensory neurons that let you feel stomach pain (woohoo) | submucosa |
| submucosa also contains these which go to the bloodvessels to regulate blood flow and diameter | motor neurons |
| external muscle layer consists of ___ layers of smooth muscle, except for the stomach which has ____ | 2;3 |
| inner layer of the external muscle layer is know as this | inner circular layer |
| outer layer of external muscle layer | outer longitudal layer |
| contraction of the external muscle layer helps do this | break up food and mix with digestive juices |
| network of nerves found in the external muscle layer | auerbach's plexus |
| auerbach's plexus controls this | sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses |
| sympathetic _____ contractions of peristalsis | decreases |
| parasympathetic_______contractions of peristalsis | increases |
| the outermost layer of the digestive system | serosa |
| serosa in the esophagus made from this | fibrous connective tissue |
| keeps organs in place through suspension | messentary |
| serous membrane lining in the abdominal cavity | peritineaum |
| located between the mesentary and the peritonium | serous fluid |
| serous fluid does this | prevent friction between mesentary and peritonium |
| where proteing digestion begins | stomach |
| stomach location | LUQ; left of the liver and in front of the spleen |
| reservoir for food so digestion can take place gradually | stomach |
| mechanical and chemical digestion takes place mainly here in the stomach | the pyloris |
| how many layers of ,muscle in the stomach | 3 |
| layers of muscle in the stomach allow for this | mixing and mechanical breakdown |
| 2 types of movement of food found in the stomach and what they do | peristalsis;moves down segmental;moves around |
| when emptied_____ present to allow for expansion without tearing | rugae |
| rugae increase_____ for greater absorption | surface area |
| glands of the stomach | gastric pits |
| secretions of gastric pits | gastric juices |
| most important means of protections from pathogens in stomach | very acidic gastric juices |
| coats the stomach to protect from gastric juices | mucous |
| secretes by chief cells | pepsinogen |
| pepsinogen | inactive form of pepsin |
| purpose of HCl acid | gives gastric juices pH of 1-2; converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
| secreted by parietal cells | Hydrochloric acid |
| starts the digestion of proteins | pepsin |
| why low pH is necessary | for pepsin to function; kills most micro-organisms |
| also secreted by parietal cells | intrinsic factor |
| purpose of intrinsic factor | absorption of b12 |
| hormone secreted by g cells that stimulates secretion of mor gastric juice when needed | gastrin |
| milk curdling enzyme found in infant | renin |
| parasympathetic response is responsible for gastric juice secretion at the _____ or_____ of food | sight;smell |
| ensures that there will be gastric juice in the stomach when food arrives | gastric juice response |
| innervated by the myenteric plexuses | muscle layers surrounding the stomach |
| gastric juice response is responsible for digestion to change food into this thick liquid | chyme |
| during creation of chyme this sphincter is contracted | pyloric |
| pyloric sphincter located here | base of the stomach |
| relaxes at intervals to let small amounts of chyme to pass into the duodenum | pyloric sphincter |
| first portion of the small intestine | duodenum |
| small intestine is ___ inch in diameter and____ feet lond | 1;20 |
| first ten inches of small intestine | duodenum |
| 2nd part;8feet of small intestine | jejunum |
| last 11 feet of small intestine | illeum |
| digestion completed here | small intestine |
| small intestine is responsible for most ____ and _____absorption | food and water |
| end productsof digestion are absorbed into _____ and lymph systems | blood |
| mucosa contains cells with _________ in small intestine | microvilli |
| secrete mucous in small intestine | goblet cells |
| secrete hormones of the small intestine | enteroendocrine cells |
| enteroendocrine cells are stimulates when this happens | food enters the duodenum or when intestinal enzymes enter the duodenum |
| peptidases are for digestion of ________ and ________ | proteins;amino acids |
| needed to digest disaccharides into monosaccharides | sucrase, maltase, and lactase |
| large folds of small intestine | plica circulares |
| small folds that give the small intestine a velvety appearance | villi |
| smaalest folds of each cell membrane in the small intestine | microvilli |
| folds are necessary for | absorption of nutrients |
| located within each fold | capillary network for nutrient absorption and lacteal |
| lacteal | a lymphatic vessel necessary for nutrient absorption into the lymph |
| smallest lymphatic vessel | lacteal |
| vestigial | smaller and less important through time |
| what is absorbed into the blood | water soluble nutrients, amino acids, monosaccharides, and water |
| what is absorbed into the lymph | fat soluble nutrients and fatty acids |
| size of the large intestine | 2.5 inches in diameter; 5 feet lonf from ileum to anus |
| functions of large intestine | absorption of h2o; minerals and vitamins, and eliminations of feces |
| sac like pouches in the colon that give it it's pucker-like appearance | haustra |
| smallest part of the colon; first portion | cecum |
| joins the cecum and ileum | ileocecal valve prevents backflow of fecal matter |
| attached to cecum | appendix; contains lots of lymphatic tissue |
| example of a vestigeal organ | appendix |
| attached to ileum | ascending, transverse, and descending colon |
| final parts of colon | sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal |
| waste product of elimination | feces |
| feces consists of______,__________,_______and________ | cellulose, undigestable material, bacteria, and water |
| a spinal cord reflex | defecation reflex |
| what causes stimulus for defecation | walls of rectum stretched triggering stretch receptors |
| what happens when stretch receptors are triggered | sensory impulses sent to spinal cord |
| what happens when sensory impulses are sent to spinal cord | motor impulses are sent back saying "POOP" |
| how many anal sphincters are there | 2 |
| which sphincter reacts when motor impulses are received? | internal sphincter |
| anal sphincter used when you are sitting in class during a test and motor impulses are telling you to "POOP" | external sphincter, can be contracted voluntarily if needed |
| major sight of vitamin K and vitamin B formation by bacteria | colon |
| used for bile storage | gallbladder |
| duct that attached to gallbladder | cyst duct |
| located in the RUQ extending to the center of the abdominal cavity | liver |
| true or false: Liver is largest gland in body | True |
| liver contains____lobes | 2 |
| right lobe___times bigger than left lobe of liver | 3 |
| structural unit of liver | hepatic lobules; columns of liver cells |
| liver is connected to digestive tract at the ________________ | duodenum |
| only digestive function of the liver | production of bile |
| a substance containing bile salts to breakdown fats | bile |
| hormone needed for the liver to increase its output of bile | secretin |
| when food enters the duodenum it signals production of______ | secretin |
| duct bile travels through to reach the GB | hepatic duct |
| hepatic duct connects to the cystic duct of the gallbladder by way of this duct | common bile duct |
| common bile duct transports this to the duodenum either from the liver or GB | bile |
| liver converts____ to _______ | glucose to glycogen |
| liver stores this for future use | glycogen |
| hormones that help convert glucose to glycogen | insulin and cortisol |
| liver changes things into this simple sugar | glucose |
| amino acids occur naturally in _____and _____tissue | plant and animal |
| non-essential amino acids | 12 synthesized by the liver |
| essential amino acids | 8 must be taken in through food we eat |
| amino acids used for this | to make up the bulk of cell structure and functional substances like enzymes |
| excess amino acids converted to this because body can not store them | energy sources |
| lipoproteins produced by liver necessary for this reason | transportation of fats |
| albumin | protein which helps maintain blood volume |
| clotting factors synthesized by plasma proteins | prothrombin, fibrinogen, and factor 8 |
| carrier proteins for other molecules | globulins |
| bilirubin made from this | old RBC's |
| another source for bilirubin | liver removes it from spleen and red bone marrow |
| cells used for phagocytosis | kupffer cells |
| kupferr cells are______ | macrophages |
| Kupffer cells destoy these | old RBC's, pathogens, and bacteria |
| things stored in the liver | fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins, iron, copper |
| iron necessary for this | HGB ability to carry O2 |
| copper necessary for this | cell respiration and HGB synthesis |
| body changes harmful substances into less harmful substances | detoxification |
| changes to acetate which is used in cell respiration | alcohol |
| liver produces these to change some meds into substances we can use | enzymes |
| ammonia converted to this | urea |
| urea exretes by these | kidneys |
| a buildup of ammonia harmful to organs, especially this one | brain |
Created by:
esouthern982
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