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Bio230 Ch 16 Vocab
Essential Cell Biology: Cell Communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adaptation | adjustment of sensitivity of a cell or organism following repeated stimulatoin. Can allow a response even when there is a high background level stimulation |
| adenylyl cyclase | enzyme that catalyes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP. An important component of some intracellular signaling pathways. |
| Ca+2(CaM-kinase) | enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to an increase in CA+2 ion concentration, through its interaction with the CA+2 binding protein calmodulin |
| calmodulin (CAM) | small Ca+2 binding protein that modifies the activity of many target enzymes and membrane proteins in response to changes in CA+2 concentrations |
| cell signaling | the molecular mechanism by which cells detect and respond to external stimuli and send messages in other cells |
| cyclic AMP | nucleotide generated from ATP in response to hormonal stimulation of cell surface receptors. cAMP acts as a signaling molecule by activating protein kinase A: is is hydrolyzed to AMP by a phosphodiesterase. |
| cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase (PKA) | enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration. |
| cytokine | small protein made and secreted by cells that acts on neighboring cells to alter their behavior. Cytokines act via cell surface cytokine receptors. |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) | lipid produced by the cleavage of membrane inositol phospholipids in response to extracellular signals. Composed of two fatty acid chains linked t glycerol it serves as membrane located signaling molecule to help activate protein kinase C. |
| enzyme-coupled receptor | transmembrane receptor proteins that activate an intracellular enzyme in response to ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor |
| extracellular signal molecule | any molecule present outside the cell that can elicit a response inside the cell when the molecule binds to a receptor protein. some signal molecules, such as steroid hormones, can enter cells and act on internal receptors |
| G protein | a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors. |
| G-protein-coupled receptor | cell surface receptor that associates with an intracellular trimeric GTP binding protein after receptor activation by an extracellular ligand. These receptors are seven pass transmembrane proteins. |
| GTP-binding protein | an allosteric protein whose conformatin and activity are determined by its associatin with either GTP or GDP. Includes many proteins involved in cell signaling such as Ras and G proteins. |
| hormone | a chemical substance produced by one set of cells in a multicellular organism and transported via body fluids to target tissues on which it exerts a specific effect. |
| inositol phospholipid | minor lipid components of plasma membranes that contain phosphorylated inosotol derivatives,, important both for distinguishing different intracellular membranes and fr signal transduction in eukaryotic cells |
| IP3 | small intracellular signaling molecule produced during activation of the inositol phospholipid signaling pathway; causes CA+2 release from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| ion-channel-coupled receptor | transmembrane receptor protein or protein complex that forms a gated ion channel that opens in response to the binding of a ligand to the external face of the channel |
| intracellular signaling molecule | molecule that is usually a protein that is part of the mechanism for transducing and transmitting signals inside a cell |
| intracellular signaling pathway | the set of proteins and small molecule second messengers that interact with each other to relay a signal from the cell membrane to its final destination in the cytoplasm or nucleus |
| local mediator | secreted signal molecule that acts at a short range on adjacent cells |
| MAP kinase | Mitogen activated protein kinase. Protein kinase that performs a crucial step in relaying signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. It is the final kinase in three kinase sequence called the MAP kinase cascade. |
| MAP-kinase signaling module | relay systems which carries the signal from the plasma membrane to the nucleus including the three kinase protein MAP kinase |
| molecular switch | protein or protein complex that operates in an intracellular signaling pathway and can reversibly switch between active and inactive state |
| monomeric GTPase | small, signal subunit GTP-binding protein, such as Ras and Rho are part of many different signaling pathways. |
| neurotransmitter | small signaling mlecule secreted by a nerve cell at a chemical synapse to signal to the postsynaptic cell, such as acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine |
| nitric oxide (NO) | small highly diffusible molecule widely used as an intracellular signal |
| nuclear receptor | receptor proteins present inside a eukaryotic cell that can bind to signal molecules that enter the cell, such as steroid hormones, the complex of nuclear receptor and signal molecule subsequently acts as a transcription regulator |
| PI 3-kinase | enzyme that phosphorylates inositol phospholipids in the plasma membrane in response to signals received by a cell. The phosphorylated lipids become docking sites for intracellular signaling proteins. |
| phospholipase C | Enzyme associated with the plasma membrane that performs a crucial step in inositol phospholipid signaling pathways. |
| protein kinase | large enzyme that transfers the terminal phosphate group of ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein |
| protein kinase C (PKC) | enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins in response to a rise in diacylglycerol and CA+2 ions |
| protein phosphatase | enzyme that uses hydrolysis to remove a phosphate group from a protein, often with high specificity for the phosphorylated site. |
| Ras | one of a large family of small GTP binding proteins that help relay signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. Named fr the Ras gene, first identified in viruses that cause rat sarcomas |
| receptor protein | protein that detects a stimulus, usually a change in concentratin of a specific mlecule and then initiates a response in the cell. Cell surface receptors, such as the acetylcholine receptor and the insulin receptor, |
| receptor seine/threonine kinase | enzyme coupled receptor with an extracellular signal binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain that phosphorylates signaling proteins on serine or threonine |
| receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) | enzyme coupled receptor in which the intracellular domain has a tyrosine kinase activity, which is activated by ligand binding to the receptor's extracellular domain |
| second messenger | small molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. Examples are cAMP, IP3, and Ca+2 |
| serine/threonine kinase | enzyme that phosphorylates specific proteins on serines or threonines |
| signal transduction | conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another in. The process by which a cell responses to an extracellular signal. |
| small messenger | small molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. Examples cAMP, IP3, and CA+2 |
| steroid hormone | Lipophilic molecule related to cholesterol that acts as a hormone. Like estrogen and testosterone. |
| tyrosine kinase | Enzyme that phosphorylates specific proteins on tyrosines. |
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Liwa91
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