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Reproductive Sys
PHCC, Fund of Body Systems, Chap.18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | process by which a single cells duplicates its genetic material |
| mitosis gives us a new body | every ten years |
| duplicated (mitotic) cells contain | 46 chromosones |
| meiosis | a special type of cellular division that produces the sex cells |
| primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the | gonads (aka) testes |
| oxygenated blood is transported to the testes via the | testicular arteries |
| deoxygenated blood is transported away from the testes via the | testicular veins |
| testes are responsible for producing | spermatazoa and testosterone |
| spermatazoa are called | mature sperm cells |
| the part of a testicle where spermatogensis occurs is called the | seminiferous tubules |
| spermatozoa are produced at the rate of about | 300 million per day |
| spermatozoa have three distinct parts called | head; midpiece; and flagellum (tail) |
| the spermatozoa head contains | genetic material |
| the spermatozoa mid piece contains | energy (ATP) for locomotion |
| the flagellum function is to | propel the sperm up the reproductive tract |
| developing spermatazoa are stored in a comma shaped structure structure adjacent to each testicle called the | epididymis |
| epididymis is a tube (duct) whose length is approximately | 20 feet long |
| it takes the spermatazoa approximately __ days to move through the epididymis | 20 |
| spermatozoa travel from the epididymes to the urethra via the | vas deferens(aka)seminal duct(aka)ductus deferens |
| surgical removal of a section from both seminal ducts causing sterility(infertility)called | bilateral vasectomy |
| a vasectomy will not affect the | sex drive (libido) or secondary sexual characteristics |
| seminal ducts, testicular arteries, and testicular veins are surrounded by a protective sheath called the | spermatic cord |
| vessel responsible for the expulsion of the spermatozoa into the urethra is called | ejaculatory duct |
| liquid portion of the ejaculate is called | semen(aka)seminal fluid |
| avg. volume of semen per ejaculation is | 2.5 to 6 mL(about a measuring tsp.) |
| number of spermatozoa ejaculated can be in excess of | 300 million |
| only thousands of spermatozoa can reach the | cervix |
| only a few hundred spermatozoa can reach the | ovum |
| if the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million the male is considered | sterile(infertile) |
| once ejaculated the spermatazoa can live inside the reproductive tract for approximately | 48 to 72 hours |
| large numbers of spermatozoa are required to fertilize an ovum because | ovum has a protective membrane that must be broken down by an enzyme secreted from the head of each spermatozoom |
| milky in color | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| prostate | donut spaped gland approx. the size and shape of a chestnut |
| prostate surrounds the superior portion of the | urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder |
| seminal vesicles | paired pouch-like structures approx. 2 inches in length |
| seminal vesicles located | posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder in front of the rectum |
| viscous | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| bulbourethral glands(aka) | cowpers glands |
| bulbourethral glands are the size of ____ and located just ________ __ ___ ________ | peas; inferior to the prostate |
| testosterone is the | male sex hormone |
| part of testicle that produces testosterone is call the | interstitial cells of leydig |
| sticky because it contains fructose | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| development, growth, and maintenance of the male sex organs | controlled by testosterone |
| alkaline so it can neutralize the acidity of the vaginal secretions and urine | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| an out-pouching of loose skin from abdominal wall which supports and contains the testes is called | scrotum |
| internally the scrotum is separated into | two sacs by a septum |
| each sac in the scrotum contains | testis (testicles) |
| causes descent(usually just before birth) of the testes from the abdominopelvic cavity into the scrotum | controlled by testosterone |
| contains seminalplasmin which has the capability of protecting sperm by destroying certain bacteria found in the vaginal tract and semen | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| scrotum lies outside the body because | spermatozoa and testosterone production require a temperature(-3F)lower than body temperature |
| depending on the temperature the scrotum has the ability to | contract and relax |
| causes the shoulders to broaden and hips to narrow during puberty | controlled by testosterone |
| contains enzymes that activate the spermatozoa after ejaculation | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| urethra in males is the | vessel that carries urine, spermatozoa, and semen to the outside world |
| the length of the male urethra is approximately | 8 inches |
| prosthetic urethra which is surrounded by the prostate | part of male urethra |
| contains prostaglandins that promote muscular contractions of the female genital tract | characteristic of seminal fluid |
| causes protein build up in muscles producing muscular bulk and firmness in male physique | controlled by testosterone |
| causes maturation of the spermatozoa | controlled by testosterone |
| penis is designed to | introduce spermatazoa into the femle reproductive tract |
| penis consists of the shaft whose distal end is a slightly enlarged region called | glans penis |
| covering the glans penis is a section of loose skin called the | prepuce (foreskin) |
| internally the penis is composed of | 3 cylindrical masses of spongy tissue containing blood sinuses |
| sexual stimulation causes the penile arteries to | dilate allowing large quantities of blood to enter the penis |
| membranous urethra which runs from the prostatic urethra to the penis | part of male urethra |
| causes maturation of spermatozoa | controlled by testosterone |
| expansion of the blood sinuses compress the | penile veins |
| expansion of blood sinuses causes an | erection |
| once sexual stimulation ceases the penile arteries will | constrict |
| spongy or cavernous urethra found inside the penis and terminates at the male urethral orifice (meatus, os) | part of male urethra |
| causes enlargement of the thyroid cartilage(adam's apple) | controlled by testosterone |
| impotence or erectile dysrundtion(ED) | inability to achieve or maintain an erection |
| impotence(ED) can be caused by | poorly controlled stress;trauma to the nerves controlling blood flow to the penis; diabetes mellitus;arteriosclerosis or the arteries that supply blood to the penis; side effects from certain meds such an anti hypertension and antidepressents |
| viagra,cialis,and levitra work by | causing vasodilation of the arteries supply the penis |
| causes deepening of voice;causes aggressive behavior | controlled by testosterone |
| primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the | paired female gonads called ovaries |
| ovaries are the size of | unshelled almonds |
| the ovaries are located in the | superior portion of the pelvic cavity one on each side of the uterus |
| structure that attaches an ovary to the uterus is called the | utero-ovarian ligament |
| ovaries are responsible for | oogenesis; production of the female sex hormones, estrogen, and progesterone |
| immature ova are called | oocytes |
| causes facial, body, and pubic hair to appear | controlled by testosterone |
| pituitary gland produces a hormone responsible for maturation of follicle called | FSH(follicle stunulating hormone) |
| FSH is released every | 28 days |
| stimulates the sexual drive(libido) | controlled by testosterone |
| when the penile veins drain the blood the | erection is lost |
| pituitary glands produces a hormone that stimulates ovulation called | LH(luteinizing hormone) |
| expulsion of an ovum from the ovary is called | ovulation |
| average female can ovulated approximately | 450 times in a lifetime |
| usually the ovaries alternate | ovulations |
| if the ovaries ovulate at the same time and the two ova are fertilized the result will be | fraternal twins(dizygotic) |
| a fertilized ovum splits its genetic material(DNA) into two separate ova the result will be | identical twins(monozygotic) |
| structures that transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus are called | fallopian tube(aka)uterine tubes(aka)oviducts |
| finger like projections of the fallopian tube(s) that catches the expelled ovum is called | fimbriae |
| ovum will be moved into and through an oviduct by | a waving of the fimbriae;ciliary action;peristaslsis;muscle contractions in the wall of the uterine tubes |
| extrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as | menstruation;breast development;pubic body and axillary hair;pelvic bones widen; fat depposit(adipose tissue)in the skin for a soft look |
| union of a sperm with an ovum is called | fertilization |
| development of a fertilized ovum from conception to birth is called | gestation or pregnancy |
| uterus is (aka) | womb |
| uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the | urinary bladder and the rectum |
| uterus is the shape of an | inverted pear |
| uterus should be angled forward in an | anteflexion position |
| uterus is where the fertilized ovum will | implant;develop into a fetus; be expelled during labor |
| superior portion of the uterus is called | fundus |
| middle portion of the uterus is called | corpus(body) |
| inferior portion(neck) of the uterus is called the | cervix |
| interior the body of the uterus is called the | uterine cavity |
| interior of the cervix is called the | cervical canal |
| opening of the cervixinto the vagina is called the | external os |
| outermost layer of the uterus is called the | perimetrium(uterine serosa) |
| middle(muscle)layer of the uterus is called | endometrium |
| region between the uterus and rectum(recto uterine pouch) is called | Douglas' cul-de-sac |
| cyclic sloughing of the endometrium is called | menstruation or menses |
| this cycle varies from women to women within a range of | 24 to 25 days |
| phases of the menstrual cycles are | 1)menstrual phase, days 1-5; 2)pre-ovulatory phase, days 6-13; 3)ovulatory, day 14; 4)post-ovulatory, days 15-28 |
| menstrual phase is where the (menstrual phase) | endometrium is sloughed (discarded) |
| pre-ovulatory phase is where the (menstrual phase) | ovum is expelled from the ovary |
| post-ovulatory phase is where the (menstrual phases) | endometrium continues to thicken and develop in order to receive the fertilized ovum; endometrium atrophies and will be shed (sloughed) during the menstrual phase |
| hormones responsible for the thickening and development of the endometrium are | estrogen and progesterone |
| most BCP's(OCP) are varying doses of | estrogen and progesteone |
| tissue that will form a connection between the material and fetal blood supplies is called the | placenta |
| a hormone produced by the placenta that will support pregnancy is called | HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
| HCG can be detected with an | early pregnancy test |
| EPTs can be performed on a woman's | urine or serum |
| placenta also secretes increasing levels of extrogen and progesterone to suport the pregnancy and cause | breast(mammary)development; milk production(lactogenesis) |
| vagina is a tubular structure which is lined with | mucus membranes |
| functions of the vagina include | passageway for menstruatiion; receptacle for the penis, semen, and sperm during intercourse; inferior portion of the birth canal |
| connection between the vagina and the cervix is called the | fornix |
| external female genitalia is called | vulva or pudendum |
| mound of elevated adipose tissue that becomes covered with pubic hair is called | mons pubis or veneris |
| lips of the vaginal orifice(os) are called | labia majora(outer lips)or labia minora(inner lips) |
| small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue with nerves found at the antrior tissue with nerves found at the anterior junction of the labia minora is called | clitoris |
| opening or regiion within the labia majora and labia minora is called | vestibule |
| within the vestibule is a thin fold of tissue that partially closes the distal end of the vagina called the | hymen |
| mucus secreting glands posterior to and on either side of the urethral meatus | lesser vestibular glands(aka)skene's |
| on both sides of the vaginal os are two small mucus producing glands(lubrication)called | greater vestibular glands(aka)bartholin's glands |
| region between the vaginal os and the anus is usually referred to as the | perineum |
| perineum is also used to refer to the | external urogenital and anal region of both male and females |
| anterior to the pectoralis major and minor muscles of the thorax are modified sweat glands called | mammary glands |
| each mammary glands consists of __ to __ lobes | 15 to 20 |
| each mammary are has smaller compartments called | lobules |
| the size and shape of the breast is determined by the location and amount of | adipose tissue deposited |
| milk producing (lactogenic) cells located in the lobules are called | alveoli |
| milk is stored in the | ampullae(aka)lactiferous sinuses |
| milk travels from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses through | lactiferous ducts |
| nipples(aka) | mammary papilla |
| the dark pigmented region surrounding the nipples(papilla) is called | areola |
| process of secreting and ejection of milk is called | lactation |
| hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk(lactogenesis) is called | prolactin |
| ART | assisted reproductive technologies |
| IVF | in vitro fertilization |
| fertility drug | medications designed to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate |
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