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chpt 30 hematology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematology | study of blood forming tissues |
| what are the blood forming tissues? | 1. Bone marrow 2. Spleen 3. Lymph system 4. Blood (a CT) |
| *what structure is responsible for hematopoiesis? | *the Bone marrow- makes all the blood cells |
| what are the 3 types of cells | RBC, WBC & PLT |
| what are the 2 types of bone marrow | Red- which is hematopoeitic and yellow (adipose) |
| Red marrow produces what and where? | It produces blood cells in the flat and irregularly shaped bones |
| *what are some examples of flat or irregularly-shaped bones?> | *the end of long bones, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs, cranial bones & scapulae |
| what 3 fx does blood perform | 1. transportation 2 and 3. protection. regulation |
| examples of blood transportation | O2 from lungs to cells, nutrients from GI tract to cells, hormones from endocrine glands to cells, and waste from cell to lung, liver & kidneys |
| examples of blood regulation | fluid and lyte balance, acid/base balance, body temperature |
| examples of blood protection | invasion of pathogens, homeostasis of blood coagulation |
| 2 major components of blood | 1. plasma (55%), and blood cells (45%) which include RBC, WBC, and PLT |
| what is plasma composed of | water (91%), protein, hormones, glucose, clotting factors, lytes, gases, nutrients, and waste |
| what is serum | plasma minus the clotting factors |
| what are plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, & clotting factors |
| what is the structure of a erythrocyte | flexible, non-nucleus, biconcave, larger than the average capillary, increased suface area for gas exchange called concavity, permits changes in volume w/out rupturing membrane |
| *what type of syringe should you use when drawing blood | *one with a small gauge so that the blood cells don't lyse in the process |
| what do RBC do? | transports gases and helps acid/base balance |
| hemoglobin is made of what | Heme (iron compound which gives the cell it's color), and globulin (binds w/O2 and CO2) |
| what is oxyhemoglobin? | O2 bound to Hgb |
| what is a reticulocyte? | Immature RBC which develops w/in 48 hrs. Useful to evaluate rate and adequacy of RBC production. |
| *What is reticulocytosis and who would experience this? | *It's a negative feed back system-increased reticulocytes indicate inc bone marrow activity- usually seen in sickle cell pts, anemia, and hemorhhage. |
| erythropoiesis is reulated by | O2 requirements, and metabolic activity |
| *what is erythropoesis stimulated by & also regulated by | *stimulated by hypoxia and regulated by the hormone erythropoietin |
| Where is erythropoietin produced and what does it stimulate? | it is produced by the kidney, and it stimulates the BM to produce more RBC |
| Which type of pt would have difficulty producing erythropoiten hormone? | those who suffer from kidney failure (dec amount) |
| what is hemolysis | removal of old, defective RBC by macrophages/monocytes |
| where does hemolysis occur? | bone marrow, liver and spleen |
| what does lysis of RBC produce | bilirubin (jaundice) |
| *what is the ration of Hgb to Hct? | Hct is 3x the Hb |
| what is MCV | mean corpuscular volume, which is HCT/RBC to determine RBC size on HCT |
| what type of pt is MCV increased? | smokers, liver dz, drinkers, pernicious anemia |
| *is anemia a med dx? | no, it's aymptom which helps doctors figure out cause. |
| *what is MCH | *mean corpuscular hgb. divides Hgb/RBC to determine wt (iron content) |
| what is thalasemia? | the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin d/t genetics |
| what does increased MCH indicate? | thalasemia |
| what is MCHC? | mean corpuscular hgb concentration: divide Hgb/Hct- monitors amt of Hb in each RBC |
| what is RDW? | red blood cell distribution width- degree of abnormal RBC size |
| what are 4 diffferent RBC? | macrocytes, microcytes, shistocytes, and sickle cells |
| *what are shistocytes? | *RBC fragments- found a lot in hemolysis |
| where do leukocytes originate? | from stem cells in the BM |
| what are the 3 granulocytes | 1. neutrophils (50-70% and 1st on site) 2. eosinophils (2-4%)3. basophils (<2%) |
| *why is serum level K+ checked? | hemolysis causes inc K+. There's usually 8more inside the cell than outside- but not when lysed |
Created by:
arsho453
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