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Bio230 Ch 14 Vocab
Essential Cell Biology: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antenna Complex | captures light energy within the photosystem |
| ATP Synthase | membrane associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation and photosyntesis. Found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. |
| Carbon Fixation | Process by which green plants incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars. The second stage of photosynthesis. |
| Chemiosmotic Coupling | Mechanism in which a gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane is used to drive an energy requiring process, such as ATP production or the transport of a molecule across a membrane |
| chlorophyll | Light absorbing pigment that plays a central part in photosynthesis |
| chloroplast | specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place |
| cyclic photophosporylation | photosynthetic process involving photosystem I only, by which chloroplasts can generate ATP without making NADPH |
| cytochrome | colored, heme-containing protein that transfers electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis |
| cytochrome oxidase | a protein complex that receives electrons from cytochrome c, thus oxidizing it. Then donate these electrons to O2, four electrons from cytochrome c and four protons from the aqueous environment are added to O2 |
| electron-transport chain | a series of membrane embedded electron carrier molecules along which electrons move from a higher to a lower energy level, as in oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis |
| iron-sulfur center | electron transporters containing iron atoms linked to sulfur atoms and cysteine side chains, found in electron-transport chains such as those in mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| matrix | a space within which something is formed. The large internal compartment of the mitochondrion. Contains a special enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions, as well as the mitochondrial genome and the proteins needed to express mitochondrial genes. |
| mitochondrion | membrane enclosed organelle about the sie of a bacterium that carries out oxidative phoshporylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells |
| nitrogen fixation | conversion of nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen containing organic molecules by soil bacteria and cyanobacteria |
| oxidative phosphorylation | process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from food molecules to molecular oxygen. Involves the intermediate generation of a pH gradient across a membrane and chemiosmotic coupling |
| photosynthesis | oricess by which plants and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
| photosystem | large multiprotein complex containing chlorophyll that captures light energy |
| quinone | small lipid soluble mobile electron carrier molecule found in the respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transport chains |
| reaction center | a protein complex that contains a specialized pair of chlorophyll molecules that performs photochemical reactions to convert the energy of photons (light) into high energy electrons for transport down the photosynthetic electron transport chain |
| redox pair | pair of molecules in which one acts as an electron donor and one as a n electron acceptor in an oxidation reduction reaction, for example, NADH (electron donor) and NAD+(electron acceptor |
| redox potential | a measure of the tendency of a given redox pair to donate electrons (act as a reducing agent) or to accept electrons (act as a oxidizing agent) |
| stroma | the connective tissue in which a glandular or other epithelium is embedded. the large interior space of a chloroplast, containing enzymes that incorporate CO2 into a cell and is opened by mechanical force |
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