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General Bio Murcia

Murcia's Bio Unit 2

QuestionAnswer
active transport energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient.
Endocytosis active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell.
Exocytosis active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell.
facilitated diffusion passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.
hypertonic solution in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell.
hypotonic solution in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell.
isotonic solution in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell.
Osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.
passive transport movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move particles across the membrane.
Photosynthesis Chemical process by which plants use light energy to make sugar from water and carbon dioxide.
Cellular Respiration Process in cells by which oxygen is chemically combined with food molecules and energy is released.
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate, the major energy-carrying molecule of the cell.
Glucose Simple sugar made by plants through the process of photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll Green pigment in plants that captures the energy of sunlight for use in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Cellular Respiration Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Cell membrane Outermost layer of the cell that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Chromosome A structure located in the nucleus of a cell, made of DNA.
Semipermeable membranes that allow some substances through but not others.
Osmosis diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Diffusion the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Active Transport the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.
Nadph energy transporter used in Calvin Cycle.
nadp+ holds two high energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion, which converts into NADPH.
ADP Similar structure to ATP but has only 2 phosphate groups Partly charged.
Stroma The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
Thylakoid saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts.
Granum stacks of thylakoids.
calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars.
light reaction The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
Glucose Sugar, Manufactured during photosynthesis, Main source of energy for plants and animals, Metabolized during cellular respiration.
Mitochondria cellular organelles where cellular respiration occurs.
Chloroplast organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
Pigment a colored chemical compound that absorbs light, producing color.
Fermentation A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
lactic acid waste product produced by Fermentation; causes muscles to be sore.
Aerobic process that requires oxygen.
Anaerobic process that does not require oxygen.
Stoma a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass.
Respiration the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules.
Reactant a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.
Product a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
independent variable the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Homeostasis process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
dependent variable the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Energy The capacity to do work.
Kinetic Energy Energy of motion.
Chemical Energy The potential energy of molecules.
Potential energy Stored energy.
Endergonic Reactions Energy absorbing reactions.
Exergonic Reactions Energy releasing reactions.
Enzyme Protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in living things by lowering the activation energy.
Substrate The reactants (beginning chemicals) acted on by an enzyme.
Active site Pocket or groove located on the enzyme that fits the substrate.
Induced Fit The mechanism by which the substrates bonds are weakened by the enzyme.
Denaturation The breakdown of enzymes by excessive heat or extreme pH.
Inhibitor Chemical that interferes with an enzymes activity.
Catalase Enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Chemical digestion Digestive process involving enzymes.
Enzyme-substrate complex The union of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme.
Lock and key hypothesis The idea that enzymes are specifically shaped to fit only one type of substrate.
Glycolysis The splitting if glucose into pyruvate, The one metabolic that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
Stroma The supporting framework or matrix of a cell.
Substrate-level phosphorylation A type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of ATP by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate.
Peroxisome a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen. This produces and then degrades hydrogen peroxide.
Chlorophyll b The green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurring in a dark-green form- C55H70MgN4O6.
Cofactor Any of various organic or inorganic substances necessary to the function of an enzyme.
PEP Carboxylase Enzyme responsible for the primary fixation of carbon dioxide.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Alcohol Fermentation Anaerobic; Pyruvate is converted to ethanol; used for brewing and making wine.
Reduction The gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Rubisco The enzyme that catalyzes the first step, ribulate carboxylase, The addition of CO2 to RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) of the Calvin cycle.
Peroxisome a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen, They produce and then degrade hydrogen peroxide.
Reaction center chlorophyll consists of a cluster of proteins plus a pair of chlorophyll molecules and some electron carriers.
Redox Reactions are the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. When there is oxidation, there is also reduction, The substance which loses electrons is oxidized, The substance which gains electrons is reduced.
Phagocytosis A type of endocytosis involving large substances; "cell eating".
Phospholipid Molecules that constitute the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Phosphate group A funtional group inportant in energy transfer.
lactic acid fermentation an anaerobic form of respiration in which sugars are converted into cellular energy and lactic acid.
light reactions the first stage of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy.
Citric Acid Cycle A chemical cycle involving eight steps that complete the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide, Second stage in cellular respiration.
Exocytosis The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Extracellular Matrix The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides.
Catabolism destructive metabolism, the breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy.
cellular respiration The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances.
Stomata any of various small apertures, One of the minute orifices or slits in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged.
Photosystem I The second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria. It uses light to reduce molecules.
Photosystem II The first protein complex in the Light-dependent reactions, It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae and cyanobacteria, The enzyme uses photons of light to energize electrons.
Chemiosmosis The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells.
cyclic photophosphorylation The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis, coupled to the cyclic passage of electrons to and from P700, the specialized form of chlorophyll a which is involved in photosystem I, using a series of carrier molecules.
Mitochondrion A small spherical organelle, bounded by a double membrane, in the cytoplasm of most cells: contains enzymes responsible for energy production, Also knows as ATP.
Bundle-sheath cells photosynthetic cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf.
non-cyclic photophosphorylation ATP synthesis that is driven by light ,where, H2o is donates electrons and Nadp accepts teh electrons.
Oxidation loss of electrons.
Cyclic Electron Flow A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen.
Mesophyll cells The ground tissue of a leaf; sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll The green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurs in two forms.
chlorophyll a A waxy blue-black microcrystalline green-plant pigment, with a characteristic blue-green alcohol solution.
Phospholipid similar to fatty acids, molecules that make up the inner bilayer of biological membranes having a polar,hydrophilic head, and nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Photophosphorylation utilizes light as a source of energy, as in the formation of ATP from ADP.
Photorespiration oxidation of carbohydrates in many higher plants in which they get oxygen from light and then release carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis synthesis of complex organic molecules especially carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, water, using sunlight as the source of energy.
C3 plants more then 95 % of plants on the earth are this, A plant that changes C02 into a three carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis.
C4 plants A plant that changes Co2 into a four carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis.
Calvin Cycle A series of reactions in the chloroplast, Where carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose with the aid of ATP and NADPH, It forms a 3 carbon sugar pyruvate.
CAM plants Crassulacen acid metabolism, This plant stores carbon dioxide at night, and releases it during the day increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis.
Carbon Fixation A process in which carbon dioxide is converted to a solid compound, Usually driven by photosynthesis and Carbon dioxide is converted into glucose.
Created by: rydercrew
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