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Honors Bio: Life
Chemical Evolution and Origins of life, cladistics and phylogenetics, Pre- Eras
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the Earth form? | 4.6 billion years ago |
| what formed the earth in layers? | heat in gravitational pull |
| what is the mantle made of? | silicate |
| what is earths core made of? | iron and nickel |
| what is the 1st layer of crust made of? | volcanic lava |
| what allow the atmosphere around earth? | gravity from earth's mass |
| What was earth's early atmosphere made of? | water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other volcanic gases |
| What were earth's early oceans like 3.8 billion years ago? | brown, muddy and cool |
| how did organic molecules get to earth? | comets and meteorites |
| what did the oparin/Haldane hypothesis propose? | organic molcules could be formed by outside energy sources using atmospheric gases. also suggested organic molecules acted spontaneously |
| what did the Milley/Urey hypothesis propose? | amino acids accumulated when sparks were added to an atmosphere of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water |
| what was wrong with the Miller/Urey hypothesis? | if newly formed molecules were exposed to the suns ultraviolet light they would be destroyed. why wouldnt this process continue to happen? |
| what did newly formed organic molecules do? | polymerize |
| what allowed a lack of oxidation and decay? | the polymer substances formed into a "soup" in valleys and oceans on the earths surface |
| what did ammonia convert to in undersea vents? | nitrogen |
| what is the protein-first hypothesis? | developed by sidney fox, AA polymerize without oxygen if exposed to dry heat and collect in puddles. heat from the sun then causes them to form proteinoids. |
| what are proteinoids? | small polypeptides with some protein like properties |
| what is the clay hypothesis? | the idea that RNA and polypeptides arose at the same time. they needed eachother to develop. |
| what is the RNA first hypothesis? | the idea that only RNA was needed to form the first cell. RNA can be a substrate and enzyme, allowing RNA to carry out life processes. |
| who developed the RNA first hypothesis? | Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman |
| What came before cells? | protocells, or protobionts |
| where did protocells come from? | coacercate droplets. |
| what are protocells? | a complex spherical unit that spontaneously forms when concentrated mixes of macromolecules are held at the right conditions. |
| what is the membrane first hypothesis? | coacervate droplets absorb and incorporate carious substances from their surrounding solutions, forming liposomes that were spheres surrounded by layers of phospholipids. |
| what is self replication? | DNA --> RNA --> Protein |
| RNA first hypothesis says... | the first genes and enzymes were RNA that carried out protein synthesis. |
| what are ribozymes? | RNA that act as enzymes |
| Protein first hypothesis says... | polypeptides were first to arise, only after the protocell developed complex enzymes to form nucleic acids. |
| what is the Cairns/Smith hypothesis? | |
| what did ammonia convert to in undersea vents? | nitrogen |
| what is the protein-first hypothesis? | developed by sidney fox, AA polymerize without oxygen if exposed to dry heat and collect in puddles. heat from the sun then causes them to form proteinoids. |
| what are proteinoids? | small polypeptides with some protein like properties |
| what is the clay hypothesis? | the idea that RNA and polypeptides arose at the same time. they needed eachother to develop. |
| what is the RNA first hypothesis? | the idea that only RNA was needed to form the first cell. RNA can be a substrate and enzyme, allowing RNA to carry out life processes. |
| who developed the RNA first hypothesis? | Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman |
| What came before cells? | protocells, or protobionts |
| where did protocells come from? | coacercate droplets. |
| what are protocells? | a complex spherical unit that spontaneously forms when concentrated mixes of macromolecules are held at the right conditions. |
| what is the membrane first hypothesis? | coacervate droplets absorb and incorporate carious substances from their surrounding solutions, forming liposomes that were spheres surrounded by layers of phospholipids. |
| what is self replication? | DNA --> RNA --> Protein |
| RNA first hypothesis says... | the first genes and enzymes were RNA that carried out protein synthesis. |
| what are ribozymes? | RNA that act as enzymes |
| Protein first hypothesis says... | polypeptides were first to arise, only after the protocell developed complex enzymes to form nucleic acids. |
| what is the Cairns/Smith(clay) hypothesis? | polypeptides and RNA evolved simultaneously, working together to form the first cell |
| When did life arise? | the precambrian era |
| how much of the precambrian era is included in the geologic time scale? | 87% |
| How long ago was the precambrian era? | 3.46 BYA |
| What happened in the precambrian era? | photosynthetic bacteria began to form, complex cells existed |
| cyanobacteria evolved without | oxygen |
| cyanobacteria gave off toxic oxygen, causing the atmosphere to form what? | an ozone layer, protecting earth from UV rays |
| When did eukaryotic cells arise? | 2.1 BYA |
| What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis? | states that mitochodria were once corssovers between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, organelles developed mutualistic relationships and evolved from prokaryotes. |
| what supports the endosymbiotic hypothesis? | Mitchondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, and that DNA is similar to bacteria |
| why were eukaryotes advantageous when it came to genetic variation? | when two organisms reproduced, it left room for more genetic variation, therefore natural selection |
| when did multicellularity arise>? | 600-545 MYA |
| What was the paleozoic era? | lasted over 300 million years, with 3 majow extinctions resulting is dissapearances of species. |
| what is the cambrian period? | first part of paleozoic, saw the first invertebrates with exoskeletons |
| what is the ordivician/silurian period? | when marine algae expanded to fresh water, and vascular plants invaded land. spiders, ceptipedes, millipedes, and mites came before insects |
| what is the devonian period? | age of the fishes, saw the first cartilaginous fishes (sharks) and the first amphibians |
| what was the carboniferous period? | there were coal forming forests, a very oxygen rich time period, therefore causing plants and existing animals to be huge. "age of the amphibians" |
| what happened at the end of the carboniferous period? | the permian extinction, 95% of complex life died |
| how long did the mesozoic era last> | 180 million years, included dinosaur periods, first appearance of flowering plants |
| what was the triassic period? | the age of the reptiles, lots of flowering plants, also known as age of the cycads. small mammals arose also. |
| what was the jurassic period? | large dinosaurs, first birds (Archaeopteryx) |
| what was the cretaceous period? | more dinosaurs, bigger and better (T-Rex), mass extinction at the end of the era |
| what was the cenozoic era? | when mammals began to develop and evolve |
| what was the tertiary period? | lots of marine mammals, flowering plants and insects...grass and grazing animals |
| what was the quaternary period? | cooling of the worlds climate, pleistocene epoch led to sloths, beavers, wolves and bison |
| Paleocene epoch= | when mammals were small and resembled rats |
| eocene epoch= | when all modern orders of mammals developed |
| oligocene epoch= | many herbivores and carnivores that are now extinct |
| When did the primate family begin to evolve> | 20,000 years ago |
| the first primates were... | spuirrel-like mammals |
| apes diversified in the | miocene and plocene epochs, including the first hominids (early humans) |
| who presented the idea of continental drift> | Alfred Wegner |
| plate tectonics are... | the study of the behavior of earths crust |
| how many mass extinctions were there, and when? | five, at the end of the ordovician, devonian, permian, triassic and cretaceous periods |
| why do we think the creataceous extinction occured | walter and louis alvarez developed a theory due to a bolide that exploded, producing meteorites |
| david raup and john sepkoski proposed... | that the mass extinctions every 26 million years are attributed to astronomical movement throughout the galaxy |
| the ordivician extinction was attributed to... | continental drift, causin changes in climate and temperature |
| why did the permian extinction occur? | maybe excess carbon dioxide, change in ocean cirulation, and lack of polar ice caps |
| triassic extinction attributed to... | meteorite collision with ear, crater in quebec |
| Order of eras? | precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic |
| order of periods in the Paleo, Meso, and Ceno eras? | cambrian, ordivician, silurian, devonian, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary, quaternary |
| order of epochs in the cenozoic era? | paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene |
| what is parsimony? | the idea that the more simple the cladogrma, the more likely it happened that way |
Created by:
colleenr101
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