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Ch 11 Human Bio
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hormones | Substances secreted by the Endocrine gland & transported into the blood |
| How Hormone works | Majority is Amino Acid based & steroids |
| Sex Hormones | Cholesterol |
| Mechanism of action Hormones | look for target organ,attach to it,causes change at cellular level, promote/stop something from occuring |
| Hormone membrane permanability | Let things in/out,attach & cause a change, make new proteins,cell division |
| Steroid based(Hormone) | join receptors in nucleus,copy gene,gene goes to Ribosome,makes new protein |
| Amino Acid based (Hormone) | Phospholipid,receptor in cell membrane,promotes series of reactions |
| Promotes series of reactions in Phospholipids | *produces secondary messengers* Causes the change inside |
| Turn off glands | Most glands, negative feedback mechanism |
| Turn on glands | hormonal stimuli & nuero stimuli |
| Hormonal Stimuli | look for blood ion concentration |
| Nuero Stimuli | **rarest** occurs in a few cases, direct impulse |
| Endocrine Glands | Pituitary, Adenal,Pancreas,Thyroid,Parathyroid, |
| Prostaglandins | locally produced lipids,smooth muscle,influence smooth muscle & blood pressure |
| Control Hormone Secretions | release from Hypothalmus, negative feedback system, |
| Neg Feedback System(Hormones) | when the concentration of the regulated substance reaches a level it inhibits a gland from secreting more hormone until the gland returns to normal |
| Pituitary Gland | attached to base of brain, anterior & posterior , brain controls glands activities |
| Hypothalmus | secretes hormone, stimulates pituitary gland |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland mechanics | releases hormone into blood stream in response to nerve impulses from hypothalmus |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland mechanics | mostly epithelial tissue around blood vessels & enclosed in capsule of collagenous connective tissue |
| Anterior Pituitary Glands | Pituitary, Prolactin, TSH,ACTH,Follicle stimulating hormone |
| Growth Hormone | stimulates cell growth & division, increase rate at which cells metabolize carbs & fats |
| Prolactin | promotes milk production following birth |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) | controls secretion of hormone from thyroid |
| Adrenocortiscotropic Hormone (ACTH) | controls hormone from adrenal cortex, part of adrenal gland |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | & LH Hormone are gonadtropins affects male & female hormones; ovulation |
| Posterior Pituitary Hormone | consists nerve fibers & neuroglial cells from hypothalmus & produces ADH & Oxytocin |
| ADH Anti Diuretic Hormone | affects kidneys to conserve H20 |
| Oxytocin Hormone | plays role in childbirth by contracting muscles in uterine wall & milk |
| Thyroid Gland | located below larynx & has 2 lobes connected by Isthmus, has colloid( hormone storage) |
| Thyroid Hormones | has 2 iodine producing hormones T3 & T4, |
| Thyroxine (T3 & T4) | regulate energy metabolism **these hormones increase cellular metabolism of lipids & carbs & protein synthesis |
| Hypothyroidism | weight gain metabolism slower |
| Hyperthyroidism | Too much Thyroxine,underweight & bug eyes |
| Adrenal Glands | sit on top of kidneys ;enclosed layer of fat; |
| Adrenal Medulla | from core/center of adrenal glands, connected to sympathetic; fight or flight |
| Adrenal Cortex | this makes up most of gland & consists of epithelial cells in 3 layers |
| Hormones Adrenal Medulla | epinephrine & norepinephrine into blood stream(adrenaline) |
| Hormones Adrenal Cortex | produce 30 different steroids, some vital to survive,*Aldosterone cortisol & sex hormones |
| Aldosterone | causes kidneys to conserve sodium ions & water & to excrete potassium ions |
| Cortisol | controls how we break down gluclose, for energy & store fast |
| Sex Hormones | mostly made testosterone/estrogen |
| Pancreas | secretes from endocrine gland |
| Islets of(pancreas)Langerhans | island of(2types)cells in pancreas; Glucagon & Insulin |
| Insulin | decreases free sugar in blood;form glycogen; protein synthesis,stimulates fat storage |
| Glucagon | Stimulates breakdown of glycogen & increases blood levels |
| Pineal Gland | Base of brain, secretes melatonin,sleep response |
| Thymus Gland | between lungs,under sternum;secretes Thymosins that affect production of T-cells |
| Cytotoxic T (T-cells) | Important in ridding body of infection |
| Reproductive Glands | Ovaries, Placenta, Testosterone |
| Ovaries | Produce Estrogen & Progesterone |
| Placenta | Estrogen, Progesterone, Gonadotropin; all help maintain pregnancy by regulating hormones |
| Stress & Health | factors that produce stress & threaten homeostasis **high blood pressure** |
| General Adapting Syndrome | Involves increased Sympathetic activity, increases secretion of cortisol;glucagon,growth & antidiruetic hormones |
| Endocrine System | includes cells, tissues,organs, that secrete hormones onto the internal enviorment |
| Exocrine Glands | secretes outside of the body thru ducts & glands that lead to the surface, |
| Endocrine Glands | & their hormones help regulate metabolic processes, |
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