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Exam2-Respiratory
Biology 1115
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the functions of the respiratory system. | gas exchange, non-specific defense against microbes, vocal communication, regulation of body fluid pH via CO2 levels |
| What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract? | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi(2 branches) |
| Describe the nasal cavity. | Fcn: filters, warms and moisturizes air - hair and cilia are used for filtration - mucus traps microbes and prevents dehydration of tissues |
| Why is it better to breathe through your nose than your mouth? | It is better to inhale through your nose because your mouth has no filtration system. |
| What is the pharynx? | The region that connects the nasal cavity to the trachea. |
| What is the function of the larynx (voice box)? | The larynx is made of cartilage surrounding ligaments(vocal cords); sound is produced as air moves over the cords. |
| Describe the trachea. | rings of cartilage covered with epithelial tissue; surrounded by smooth muscle that adjusts the diameter of the trachea; covered with mucus and cilia |
| Describe the bronchi. | 2 branches off the trachea that moves to the right and left of the thoracic cavity; covered with mucus and cilia |
| What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract? | bronchioles, alveoli |
| Decribe the bronchioles. | smaller branches off the bronchi; covered with mucus (Note: should be sterile from this point down!) |
| What are alveoli? | clusters of air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; made of simple squamous epithelial tissue to facilitate gas exchange; covered with capillaries for gas exchange |
| What are the lungs? | tissue surrounding the bronchioles and alveoli |
| What is the job of the lungs? | protect the alveoli |
| How many lobes does the right lung have? The left? Why? | Right lung=3 lobes Left lung=2 lobes (Left must be a little smaller because the heart is on the left side) |
| What is the pleural membrane? | covers the lungs, contains surfactant fluidto ease surface tension on the alveoli and keep the lungs inflated |
| Why do we need surfactant fluid? How does it work? | We need surfactant fluid because there is a lot of pressure in the chest cavity. Surfactant fluid takes the pressure off of the lung tissue. If pressure from the chest cavity were allowed to exert on the lungs, they would deflate. |
| What is surfaxin? What is it used for? | synthetic surfactant - mainly used for premature babies to help their lungs inflate |
| What is ventilation? | The act of breathing, includes inhanlation and exhalation |
| Describe inhalation. | Inhalation is an active process. Diaphragm contracts, moves down and the volume of the chest cavity increases = air moves in! |
| Describe exhalation. | This process is passive. Diaphragm relaxes, moves up, and the volume of the chest cavity decreases = air is pushed out! |
| What is in control of the ventilation rate? | The nervous system sets the rate of contractions for the diaphragm (involuntary). |
| What is the normal rate of contraction? | 10 - 14 per minute (resting) - is elevated by increased oxygen demands |
| Where are sensors and breathing control centers located? | In the brainstem (medulla oblongata) |
| What do the sensors and breathing control centers do? | help regulate contraction rate of diaphragm |
| What is one factor that could influence sensors and BCCs? | CO2 levels: while hemoglobin can bind some CO2, some will be converted to carbonic acid which drops blood pH - BCC triggers diaphragm to contract |
| What is another factor that could influence sensors and BCCs? | pH levels: directly influenced by CO2 levels - BCC triggers diaphragm to contract |
| What is another factor that could influence sensors and BCCs? | altitude and temperature |
| How does breathing begin in babies? | Once the umbilical cord fails to provide adequate gas exchange, the CO2 levels increase to a level that triggers the BCCs. |
| What happens immediately following inahlation? | diffusion of gases occures btwn the alveoli and the capillaries |
| Immediately follwoing inahlation, what happens inside the alveoli? | there is a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide |
| Capillaries outside the alveoli | Branches off the pulmonary arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart): low O2, high CO2 |
| What happens to the high O2 in the alveoli? (oxygenated blood) | it diffused into the capillaries and heads back to the left side of the heart |
| What happens to the CO2 in the capillaries? | it diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled |
| What is hypoxia? Anoxia? | hypoxia = reduced oxygen to tissues anoxia = lack of oxygen in tissues that can result in tissue death |
| If CO2 levels go up, how would the circulatory and respiratory systems respond? | Result = blood pH goes down Resp. system response = breathe more Circ. system response = raise HR, raise BP |
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ncbmxgirl569
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