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Bio112-Exam 3
BioExam 3
| Vocabulary | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chlorophytes | A division of green algae; most are aquatic, they have unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms, and have diverse life cylces |
| Charophytes | A division of green algae;closest relative to embryophytes |
| Embryophytes | Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos; a plant in which embryos develop from zygotes that are retained within the tissues of the female parent |
| Bryophytes | An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants |
| Lycophytes | An informal name for a member of the phylum Lycophyta, which includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts |
| Pterophytes | An informal name for a member of the phylum Pterophyta, which includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives |
| Apical Meristems | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length |
| Multicellular Embryos | These are dependent on the parent plant |
| Sporangia | A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop |
| Gametangia | Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. Female gametangia are called archegonia, and make gametangia are called antheridia |
| Archegonium | In plants, the female gametangium. a moist chamber in which gametes develop |
| Antheridium | In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop |
| Rhizoids | A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Unlike roots, rhizoids are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption |
| Sporophylls | A modified lead that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction |
| Strobili | The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants |
| Homosporous | Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte |
| Heterosporous | Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes |
| Gymnosperm | A vascular plant that bears naked seeds-seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers |
| Angiosperm | A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary |
| Progymnosperm | An extinct seedless vascular plant that may be ancestral to seed plants its based on a 360 mya fossil, the first gymnosperms; they were heterosporous |
| Paleozoic | The era where early seed plants appear |
| Mesozoic | The era where there was a dramatic change in organisms; the age o gymnosperms |
| Cenozoic | The rise and radiation of angiosperms occurred during this era |
| Seed | An embryo and food supply surrounded by a protective coat |
| Heterospory | The production of two different types of spores in plants: megaspores and microspores |
| Megaspore | A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte |
| Microspore | A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a make gametophyte |
| Megasporangia | A structure that produces spores that give rise to female gametophytes |
| Microsporangia | A structure that produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes |
| Pollen | A structure that contains the male gametophyte in gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| Ovule | A structure that contains the female gametophyte in gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| Integument | Layers of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant |
| Stigma | The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains |
| Style | The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top |
| Carpel | The ovule-procuding reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary |
| Filament | In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower |
| Stamen | The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament |
| Anther | In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form |
| Ovary | In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. |
| Chitin | A cell wall that has strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, identical to that found in arthropods |
| Saprobe | Fungi decomposers |
| Exoenzyme | It is an enzyme which acts only on the cell layers for digestion |
| Hyphae | Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus |
| Septate | Hypha that have pores allow cytoplasm, nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria can pass through |
| Coenocytic or aseptate | Hypha that are simulate to slime molds (convergent evolution) mitosis without cytokinesis |
| Plasmogamy | The union of the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia |
| Karyogamy | When the two nuclei fuse, this can happen hours, days, or even centuries after plasmogamy |
| Heterokaryotic (or -on) | "Different nuclei", the fused mycelium contains coexisting genetically different nuclei-result of plasmogamy |
| Dikaryotic (or -on) | Mycelium that has two nuclei per cell-from different parents |
| Pheromones | Sexual signaling molecules |
| Zoospores | Flagellated spore found in chytrid fungi and some protists |
| Zygosporangium | In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur |
| Asci | A sac in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop |
| Basidiocarp | Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus |
| Unikonta | One of five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts |
| Opisthokonts | Member of the diverse clade Opisthokonta, organisms that descended from an ancestor with posterior flagellum, including fungi, animals, and certain protists |
| Nucleariids | Member of a group of unicellular, amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists |
| Chytrids | Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage |
| Zygomycetes | Member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction |
| Glomeromycetes | Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by a distinct branching from of mycorrhizae (mutualistic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscular mycorrhizae |
| Ascomycetes | Member of the fungal phylum Ascomycota, commonly called sac fungus. The name comes from the saclike structure in which the spore develops |
| Basidiomycetes | Member of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota, commonly called club fungus. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium |
| Mycelium | The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus |
| Mycosis | General term for a fungal infection |
| Choanoflagellate | Its a "collared flagellate" that is heterotrophic, free-living and sessile, and can be unicellular as well as some being colonial |
| Choanocyte | A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum |
| Cleavage | A series of mitotic cell divisions |
| Blastula | A multicellular hollow ball, about 1,000 cells -specific regions give rise to specific components |
| Gastrulation | Layers of embryonic tissues are produced that will develop into adult body parts |
| Blastopore | In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes |
| Gastrula | An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
| Archenteron | The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develop into the digestive tract of an animal |
| Endoderm | The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to digestive tract and some organs |
| Ectoderm | The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to outer surface |
| Mesoderm | the middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into muscles and other organs |
| Collagen | Helps hold cells together and is unique to animals |
| Hox Genes | A special class of homeotic genes that are special regulatory genes that control the transformation of a zygote to a specific animal. That is they control the "fate" of embryonic cells |
| Homeotic Genes | Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells |
| Grade | A group whose numbers hare key biological features |
| Genes | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| Tissue | Collections of specialized cells, isolated from other tissues by membranous layers (the are organized cells where all animals have them except Porifera) |
| Porifera | These are sponges they have no true tissues |
| Eumetazoa | Member of a clade of animals with true tissues. Contains all animals except sponges and a few other groups |
| Bilateria | Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers |
| Deuterostomia | Contain Coelomates only |
| Protostomia | Contain Coelomate and Pseudocoelomate |
| Lophotrochozoa | Contain lophophores and trochophores |
| Ecdysozoa | Shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis |
| Bilateral Symmetry | Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into equal but opposite halves (mirror images) |
| Radial Symmetry | Symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel and can be divided into mirror-image halves by any plane through its central axis (many possible mirror images) |
| Cephalization | An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory sensory equipment at the anterior and of the body |
| Diploblastic | Having two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) |
| Triploblastic | Having three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) |
| Coelom | A body cavity, fluid or air filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall |
| Acoelomate | Have no coelom |
| Pseudocoelomate | Has a coelom that is lined by mesoderm on one side and endoderm on the other |
| Protostome | In animals, the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split |
| Deuterostome | In animals, the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue |
| Spiral Cleavage | Cleavage planes are at a diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo |
| Determinate Cleavage | The fate of each embryonic cell is determined early in development. If these cells are separated from each other, they will die |
| Radial Cleavage | Cleavage planes are parallel or perpendicular to the vertical embryo |
| Indeterminate Cleavage | If the cells are separated from each other, each embryonic cell is capable of developing into a whole organism |
| Notochord | A longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord |
| Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord | Develops in the chordate embryo from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord |
| Pharyngeal Slits/Clefts | Allows water that enter s the mouth to exit without entering digestive tract |
| Post-Anal Tail | An extension of the body past the anal opening |
| Conodonts | An early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements |
| Neural Crest | Tissues that give rise to a variety of craniate structures such as teeth, bones and cartilage of skull, etc. |
| Jawless Armored Vertebrates | These species emerged during Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian periods (all extinct at end of Devonian) they have a muscular pharynx, paired fins, inner ear for balance and are armored with mineralized bone, but still jawless |
| Placoderm | A member of an extinct class of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor |
| Acanthodian | Any of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Devonian period |
| Lateral Line System | Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations |
| Oviparous | Lay eggs that hatch outside the body |
| Ovoviviparous | Retain eggs in the body, hatch in uterus |
| Viviparous | Providing nutrients through a placenta to the developing embryo |
| Tadpole | Are larva that are aquatic herbivores, who have gills, lateral line system, and a long finned tail |
| Hermaphrodite | An individual that functions as both male and female |
| Amoebocyte | An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is founding most animals. Depending on the species, it may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cells |
| Choanocyte | A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum |
| Plankton | Are not active swimmers, they float with water currents |
| Zooplankton | Plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals |
| Polyp | The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan |
| Medusa | The floating, flattened. mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan |
| Parthenogenesis | A form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs |
| Foot | One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a muscular structure usually used for movement |
| Visceral Mass | One of the three main parts of a mollusc; the part containing internal organs |
| Mantle | One of the three main parts of a mollusc; that is over the visceral mass and often secretes a shell |
| Radula | A rasping organ to scrape food |
| Larvae | A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat (have bilateral symmetry) |
| Metamorphosis | A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into a sexually mature adult |
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