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phylogeny bio 150
phylogeny
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| systematics and taxonomy | naming and classification of organisms and determination of their evolutionary histories |
| roles of phylogeny | -provides the framework for understanding biodiversity -placement of new species -record sucess and demise of lineages, provide explanations for outcomes |
| practical applications of phylogeny | -crop improvement -wild life management -pathogens |
| homology | features from shared ancestry |
| homoplasy | -analogous structures -not derived from common ancestor |
| dna sequences (phylogenetic data) | -must be homologous -more difficult to identify -must be aligned |
| Flight | similiar adaptation to similiar environmental pressures and natural selection |
| Cladistic Method | species placed in nested clades |
| Monophyletic Groups | based on synapomorphy (unique shared derived characteristics -mammals |
| Non monophyletic groups | -paraphyletic -shared most recent common ancestor but does not include all descendants |
| Sympleiosiomorphy | shared ancestral (primitive) characteristics |
| Autamorphy | characteristic that only a single taxon has |
| Parsimony | tree with the fewest # of evolution steps is the best hypothesis |
| Molecular Systematics | -evolutionary history is documented in genome -understand evolutionary relationships for organisms w/o fossil record -understand relationship when morphology is unclear |
| Gene choice | -diff. genes evolve at diff. rates -slowly changing genes, good for investigating relationships btw taxa that diverged hundred of mil. yrs ago -fast evolving genes, good for understanding recent evol. events |
| Gene Duplications: Gene Families | -increases # of genes in genome -provides more opportunities for evol. change -gene families also have common ancestor |
| Orthologous Genes (homologous genes) | -result of speciation, found in diff species ex: cytochrome c genes in humans & dogs (similiar funct. diverged since common ancestor) |
| Paralogous Genes (homologous Genes) | result of gene duplication found in same species ex: ol factory receptor gene family in humans |
| Molecular Clocks | branch length estimates for 2 descendant lineages should equal amount of time since divergence |
| Neutral Theory of Evolution | -many seq changes simply result of genetic drift -most changes are neutral(neither adaptative or detrimental) -diff. in clock rate among genes reveals importance of genes |
| strict clock? | new "relaxed clock" models allow rate to vary among branches, but must be calibrated |
| Classification Systems (5 kingdoms) | -monera (prokaryotes) -protists( single celled) -plants -fungi -animals |
| 3 domains | -bacteria -eukaryota -archaea |
| Horizontal Gene transfer | -endocymbryosis -viruses |
| Origin of Eukaryotes | -fusion btw ancestral bacterium and ancestral archaea |
| Bacteria & Archaea | -prokaryotes -adapted to wide range of environment -biomass at least 10 times that of all eukaryotes |
| Cell surface Structures | -cell walls maintain cell shape, provides physical protection -bacteria: contain peptidoglycan -archaea: lack peptidoglycan |
| Gram Positive | simple cell walls large layer of peptidoglycan |
| Gram Negative | -complex cell walls with lipopolysaccharides, small layer of peptidoglycan -medical tool -more resistant to antiobiotics |
| Capsule (Prokaryote Cell Wall) | -sticky layer polysaccharide or protein -adhere to substrate, protect against dehydration, protect against immune system attacks |
| Fimbrae (attachment pili) (prokaryote cell wall) | |
| Prokaryote motility | |
| Taxis | |
| Internal Organization of prokaryotes | |
| Genomic Organization of prokaryotes | |
| Endospores of prokaryotes | |
| Adaptation of prokaryotes | |
| rapid reproduction: mutation | |
| Genetic recombination | |
| Transformation | |
| transduction | |
| conjugation | |
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