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BIBC120 - Nutrition
Prof. Strause. Winter 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 Functions of Vitamin A (retinoids) | 1. Vision 2. Bone remodeling 3. Reproduction (estrogen cycle) 4. Maintenance of epithelial cells |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 1. Night blindness 2. Xerophthalmia (dry eyed - blindness, not enough retinal to bind to opsin to regeneral rhodopsin) 3. Increased Infections 4. Follicular Hyperkeratosis 5. birth defects 6. Effect all tissues (impaired growth, kidneys degenerate) |
| Vitamin A toxicity | 1. Acute: vomiting, headache, dizziness 2. Chronic: liver problems, hair loss, coma, etc... 3. Teratogen (birth defects) |
| Sources of Vitamin A | 1. Liver 2. Carrots, Sweet Potatoes, Mangos (orange) |
| Functions of Vitamin D | 1. Increases Ca2+ absorption across GI tract 2. Decrease Ca2+ excretion by the kidney 3. Maintains calcium homeostasis in bones |
| Vitamin D deficiency | 1. Rickets (frequent in darker skins because UVB doesn't penetrate as easily) not enough calcium and phosphorous to mineralize the bones |
| Sources of Vitamin D | 1. Fish oils 2. Fortified Milk 3. D3 supplements |
| Vitamin E functions. whats the active form | 1. Antioxidant 2. Immune System "tocopherol" |
| Vitamin E deficiency | 1. Hemolysis & RBC sensitivity to oxidative damage (leads to hemolytic anemia) 2. impaired immune function 15mg/day to prevent |
| Vitamin E toxicity | Hemorrhaging and flu-like symptoms |
| Water-soluble Vitamins | B-Vitamins & Vitamin C Soluble in water and excreted through urine. |
| Vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy (bleeding gums, chapped skin) cured with 10mg/day |
| 4 organisms that need Vitamin C | 1. Humans 2. Fruit Bats 3. Monkeys 4. Guinea Pigs |
| Characteristics of Vitamin C | 1. Similar Structure to CHO 2. Antioxidant 3. Collegen Formation 4. Neurotransmitter 5. Steroid production 6. Iron Absorption 7. Immune function |
| Characteristic of water-soluble vitamin toxicitity | 1. Direct effect 2. Masks other symtoms 3. Interacts with other drugs and vitamins 4. Indirect affect 5. Rebound Scurvy |
| B1 (Thiamin) deficiency | "Beri-Beri" - end up weak and confused |
| Functions of vitamin B-12 | 1. CHO metabolism 2. MET in a.a. synthesis |
| DNA integrity Protectors (3 A's) | 1. Antioxidants (Vit C & E) 2. Anti-inflammatory 3. Anti-carcinogen |
| Function of Vitamin B9 (folate) | 1. CHO and carbon metabolism 2. New cell synthesis 3. Maintenance of new cells 4. Amino acid synthesis 5. DNA synthesis 6. Nucleotide synthesis |
| Deficiency of Vitamin B9 (folate) | 1. Diarrhea (impaired division of GI tract cells) 2. Megablastic anemia (enlarged RBC stuck in bone marrow) 3. Spina Bifida in fetus 4. Immune dysfunction (immunocyte differentiation impaired) |
| What molecules inhibit Iron absorption? | 1. Phytic Acid 2. Oxalic Acid 3. Tannins 4. Fiber 5. Lack of protein 6. Phosphate 7. Carbonate 8. Excess amounts of other ions |
| What are the symptoms of Type I Diabetes | 1. Excessive thirst 2. Excessive urination 3. Blurred vision 4. Fatigue 5. Poor wound healing 6. Weight loss |
| Type 2 Diabetes is associated with: | 1. heart disease 2. weight problems 3. abnormal cholesterol levels 4. atherosclerosis (fat clogs arteries) |
| 6 factors of Obesity | 1. Hereditary 2. Over-eating 3. # and cell size 4.Metabolism 5. BAT 6. Frequency & comp. of diet |
| Describe the 3 ways to measure percentage body fat | a. Skin fold calipers b. Underwater c. Impedance |
| BMI | weight (kg) / height^2 (m) |
| Creatinine Phosphate Pathway | First 10 seconds of energy CP + ADP --> C + ATP |
| Respiratory Quotient (RQ) | volume of CO2 exhaled/ volume of O2 inhaled |
| Pernicious Anemia | Loss of gastric parietal cells (gastric atrophy) --> decreases absorption of vit. B12 |
| Deficiency in Niacin causes | Pellegra - degenerative disorder |
| 3 D's of Pellegra | 1. Diarrhea 2. Dermatitis 3. Dementia sometimes death. |
| Copper carrier | Ceruloplasmin |
| Copper and zinc carrier | Albumin |
| Wilson's disease | Copper toxicity. Give Zinc so that albumin can bind it to copper |
| 3 types of Vitamin A | 1. Retinal (2 beta-carotenes) 2. Retinol 3. Retinoic acid |
| 3 stages of iron-deficient anemia | 1. Reduction in bone marrow 2. Moderate: Iron stores deplete 3. Severe: Hb decreases. |
| 8 factors of Bioavailability | 1. Availability 2. Solubility 3. Permeability 4. Ligand exchange 5. Transport 6. Assimilation 7. Storage 8. Excretion |
| Chelates copper and can be used to treat Wilson's disease | Pennecillamine |
| What chelates iron | Deferoxamine |
| What inhibits vitamin B1 | 1. Nicotine |
| toxicity of vitamin e | hemmorhaging |
| deficiency of vitamin e | hemolytic anemia |
| How do you improve bone mineral density? | 1. increase calcium intake 2. increase protein 3. decrease oxalic acid & phytic acid 4. dont smoke 5. increase weight bearing exercise |
| Function of microminerals? | 1. Catalytic/cofactor (RNA pol. req. zinc for protein synthesis) 2. Redox (ETC - cytochrome oxidase req. copper) 3. Oxygen exchange + transport (Fe increase O2 transport in Hb) (citrate to isocitrate needs Fe) |
| What is the bioavailability of Calcium? | 25% |
| What is the function of calcium? | 1. Skeletal turnover 2. ATPase cofactor- muscle contraction 3. Prothrombin - blood clotting |
| What are bisphosphonates? What is the bioavailability | Drugs that attempt to increase BMD (didronel, actonel, Fosamex, Boniva). 1-2% |
| What is hematocrit | measure of packed cell volume, RBC 40% |
| Osteoporosis | when bone density is less than 2.5 std. dev. below peak bone density. caused by deficiency in calcium |
| What is prothrombin | blood clotting that req. calcium & vit. k |
| Example of hemeostasis: Increases in Calcium intake | bone absorption decreases |
| Peak bone mass | occurs when BR=BF, at 17-25 years |
| Bone Mineral Density (BMD) | x-ray that shines a light across spine to see how porous the bones are, but cant tell if its cuz bone is condensed or not. |
| to increase serum calcium | 1. increase PTH 2. decrease bone formation 3. decrease kidney excretion of Ca 4. increase GI absorption of Ca |
| What causes decrease in bone mass? | 1. high fiber food 2. caffeine 3. smoking |
| Hematocrit | portion of RBC (healthy is 40%) determines the amount of oxygen circulation |
| Vitamin D pathway | Cholecalciferol, D3 (skin) --> 25-OH-Cholecalciferol (liver) --> 1, 25-diOH-cholecalciferol (kidney) supplements is D2, food is D3 |
| what does physical activity do? | a. Increases RMR b. Spares LMM c. Improves adherence to diet d. Allows increase in calorie intake. |
| Yo-yo diet | Loss of LMM Increase in body fat Loss in weight but will gain back |
| Risks of being overweight | heart disease, heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular disease |
| Starvation | causes RMR to decrease rapidly |
| 3 sources of energy | 1. creatinine phosphate 2. anaerobic metabolism 3. aerobic metabolism |
| how does vitamin A contribute to site | rhodopsin <-> opsin + retinal (vit A) |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species O2 -> *O2 -> H2O2 -> OH* |
| What do radicals attack? | lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| ROS benefits | used to kill pathogens by phagocytic cells of immune system Produced by respiration, enviro. toxins & immune sys. Vit E and C traps radicals and stabilizes |
| For every unit of vitamins c, you need | 10 vitamin E. so if you dont have enough vitamin e, you will be vitamin c deficient |
| vitamin c toxicity | 1. increased risk for kidney stones 2. false positive test for urinary diabetic glucose test |
| Niacin toxicity | 1. irregular heart beats 2. Vasodilator -> niacin flush |
Created by:
Thy_ta
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