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A&P Chapter 14
Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones/ helps maintain the stability of the interstial fluid; and distributes heat? | Blood |
| ____ blood is slightly heavier and three to four times more viscous than water. | Whole |
| Blood volume is usually about what % of body weight? | 8% |
| The average sized adult has a blood volume of about how many liters? | 5 liters |
| A blood sample is usually about what percent of red blood cells? | 45% |
| The white blood cells and platlets account for less than what percent? | 1% |
| What is the remaining 55% part of a blood sample that is straw-colored? | Plasma |
| What mixture includes water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste? | Plasma |
| Blood cells originate in red bone marrow from what cells | Hematopoietic stem cells |
| A protein called _____ stimulates large cells called megakaryocytes toproliferate | thrombopoietin |
| biconcave discs, thin near their centers and thicker around their rims | erythrocytes |
| oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells | hemoglobin |
| _____ eventually come apart, yeilding platelets | megakaryocytes |
| Prolonged oxygen deficiency | hypoxia |
| when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, the resulting ____ is bright red | oxyhemoglobin |
| when the oxygen is released, the resulting _____ is darker | deoxyhemoblobin |
| the largest blood cells, 2-3x bigger than red blood cells, kidney-shaped nuclei, mature into macrophages | monocytes |
| without cytoplasmic granules | agranulocytes |
| respond to thrombopoietin and yield platelets | megakaryocytes |
| red blood cells | erythrocytes |
| white blood cells of immunity; b & t cells | lymphocytes |
| leukocytes with granular cytoplasm | granulocytes |
| divides and gives rise to specialized/differentiated cells that can be of any type | stem cells |
| contain histamine and heparin granules, which promote inflammation and inhibit blood clotting and account for less than 1% of the leukocytes | basophils |
| young red cells that contain a netlike structure for a day or two before maturing (remainder of ER) | reticulocytes |
| white blood cells that protect against disease | leukocytes |
| platelets | thrombocytes |
| moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic infections; 1-3% of total leukocytes | eosinophils |
| pac man cells that phagocytize debris and microbes | macrophages |
| lobed nucleus with 2-5 segs, called PMNs, 1st WBCs to arrive at infection site, phagocytize microbes, 54-62% of leukocytes | neutrophils |
| the oxygen-carrying portion of blood is called | hemoglobin |
| the iron-carrying portion of hemoglobin in the blood is called | heme |
| a deficiency of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain results in a condition called | anemia |
| oxygen-deficiency | hypoxia |
| bluish skin | cyanotic |
| when hemoglobin breaks down, heme decomposes into iron and the green pigment called | biliverdin |
| biliverdin is then converted into an orange pigment called | bilirubin |
| what is the lifespan of red blood cells | 120 days |
| why are red blood cells destroyed | to create a homeostatic environment by controling the rate of blood cell production |
| how are red blood cells destroyed | rupture as they pass through the spleen or liver |
| where are red blood cells destroyed | in the spleen or liver then macrophages phagocytize them |
| what 2 hormones cause leukocytes to differentiate? Where? | interleukins and colony-stimulating factors. both are found in red bone marrow |
| what is the lifespan of leukocytes | 12 hours |
| how do leukocytes move and squeeze between cells of small blood vessels | diapedesis which allows leukocytes to leave the circulation, then they use ameboid motion to self propel |
| damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes a process called | positive chemotaxis |
| a decrease in the amount of white blood cells | leukopenia |
| an increase in the amount of white blood cells | leukocytosis |
| a drop in platelet count, | thrombocytopenia |
| limits thrombin formation | antithrombin |
| contraction of smooth muscles in vessel walls | vasospasm |
| an abnormal blood clot forms in a vessel | thrombus |
| smallest plasma protein but accounts for 60% | albumins |
| insoluble protein threads in clot formation | fibrin |
| in muscle/brain tissues; stores energy bonds | creatine phosphate |
| soluble plasma protein in coagulation | fibrinogen |
| a clot dislodges, breaks loose | embolus |
| 36% of plasma proteins; alpha/beta/gamma | globulins |
| blockage formed in vessel during coagulation | platelet plug |
| factor 2, alpha globulin, liver makes, converts | prothrombin |
| factor 2a, fragments fibrinogen (factor 1) | thrombin |
| stopping of bleeding when blood vessels are damaged is called | hemostasis |
| release of biochemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissues triggers | extrinsic clotting mechanism |
| blood contact with foreign surfaces in the absence of tissue damage stimulates the | intrinsic clotting mechanism |
| abnormally activated coagulation associated with bacterial infection or toxins in the blood is called | disseminated intravascular clotting |
| a self-initiating action in which the original action stimulates more of the same type of action and can operate only for a short perios of time is called | positive feedback |
| when a blood clot forms in a vessel that supplies a magor organ and blocks blood flow and kills tissues the vessels serves, this is called an | infarction |
| the most common cause of thrombosis in medium-size arteries, causing abnormal clot formations, as well as fatty deposit accumulations is called | atherosclerosis |
| when prolonged immobility causes blood to pool, leading to clot formation, especially in the popliteal veins or in the deep veins of the pelvis, this is called | deep vein thrombosis |
| the following is based on the presence or absence of 2 major antigens on red blood cell membranes (antigen A or antigen B) | ABO blood group |
| if a pregnant woman is rh-negative and is pregnant with her second child, who is rh-positive, without shots of rhogam, the anti-rh antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, resulting in a condition called | erythroblastois fetalis |
| if a person has type A blood, can they accept blood from another type a donor | yes and type o |
| if a person has type o blood can they receive blood from any type of donor | no |
| if a person has type ab blood, can they receive blood from type a or type b | yes and type o |
| if a person has type b blood, can they receive blood from type o | yes |
| what happens during a mismatched blood transfusion | red cells burst releasing hemoglobin. Macrophages eat the hemoglobin, breaking it down into heme and globin. Which is broken down even farther to bilirubin produceing jaundice of the skin . kidneys may fail |
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