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nhti bio 108 ch 3, 4
nhti bio 108 ch 3 & 4 Test #2 Mat'ls
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis? | Formation of two daughter nuclei with exactly same genes as the mother nucleus, starts with division of nuleeus... IP on MAT |
| How many chromasomes in Interphase? | 92 because it is doubled up in Interphase |
| What are the Phases of Mitosis? | IP on MAT: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. |
| What is Mitosis? | Mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus. |
| What are the two events of Cell Division? | Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
| What is Cytokinesis? | Cell Div: Cytokinesis splits the cell that is about to divide, occurs after mitosis' last phase (telophase), splitting occurs when microfilament ring contacts forming a cleavage furrow and separation of the cytoplasm occurs creating two daughter cells. |
| What happens when cells go through mitosis but not cytokinesis and what is it called? | Leads to two nuclei "binucleate", or "multinucleate" cells. |
| How many chromosome and chromatids in cell? | Human Cells typically have 46 Chromosomes which are comprised of two chromatids each, so there are 92 chromatides in cells during anaphase. |
| What are the Two main steps involved in protein synth? | Transcription & Translation |
| What is Trascription? | Transcription is when DNA (in Nucleus) unzips and is copied (3 DNA "triplets" at a time) into messenger RNA (mRNA) codons. |
| What is a codon? | Condons are complementry paired from DNA and are part of the Single Stranded mRNA composed of three ribonucleic acid sequences that are coded for a particular aminio acids. |
| What are the ribonucleic acid base pairs used to make mRNA? | mRNA ribonucleic acids are: AUGC (there is no T in mRNA). |
| What are the complementry base pairs? | DNA-RNA: T-A, A-U, C-G, G-C |
| What is tRNA? | tRNA is transfer RNA, is found in the cytoplasm, has AA linked by synthetase enzyme to it, and brings amino acids based on the three paired anticodon "head" which links with mRNA in/at the Ribosome forming polypeptide chain. |
| Four types of tissues in body? | epithelium, connective, nervous, and muscle |
| What are epithelial tissues? | epithelial tissues line, cover, and are glandular tissues, most are avascular, get their nutrients by diffusion. They protect, absorb, filter, and secrete. Skin is made of epithelium , respiratory tract they are ciliated, in digestive systems they absor |
| where are squamous cell epithelium found? | squamous are flat found in the lungs and great for diffusion. |
| where are simple cuboidal found? | simple cuboidal are found in glands, their ducts, salivary, pancreas, walls of kidney tubules and over surfaces of the ovaries. |
| What types of things does simple squamous epithelium tissues do? | Filter, in lungs, capilaries, form serous membranes, or serosae the slick membranes that lin ventral body cavity and cover organs. |
| Simple columnar epithelium ? | simple columnar epithelium are single layer of tallcells that fint closely together, form goblet cells which produce lubricating mucus, line digestive tract from stomach to anus, line exterior mucosae, mucous membranes. |
| Type of cells found in bladder? | transitional epthelium line the bladder |
| what are the two major glands that are formed from epithelial sheets? | Endocrine glands, ductless, secrete hormones, and Exocrine glands have ducts, and secrete to epithelial surface, sweat/oil, liver, pancrease, are internal and external. |
| Endocrine glands: ? | endocrine glands: Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands are endocrine |
| where are stratified squamous cells found? | stratified squamous are found in esophagus, mouth, and outer portionof the skin, they contain several layers. |
| transitional epithelium do what? | transitional epithelium cells stretch, found in bladder. |
| What is the most abundant tissue type found in the body? | most abundant tissue is the connective tissue |
| what are the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue? | 1. collagen (wht fibers have high strength, 2. elastic (yellow fibers are able to stretch), 3. reticular fibers (fine collagen fibers that form the internal skeleton of soft organs) |
| what are the types of connective tissue? | bone, cartilage, dense connective, loose connectie, and blood. |
| types of cartilage? | hyaline (larynx/voice box, breast bone), fibrocartilage (strong b/w vertebrae cushion like disks), and elastic cartilage (external ear) |
| where are dense connective tissues found? | Dense connective fibrous tissues have collagen fibers in fows of fibroblasts, strong ropelike, Tendons in Ligaments. |
| Loose Connective Tissue? | Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers, Areolar Tissues, cobwebby tissues cushion and protect body organs , considered the universal packing tissue and connective "glue" holding internal organs together, soft layer of areolar called lamina propria |
| Two types of membranes in the body? | epithelial and connective issue membranes |
| name types of epithelial membranes? | epithelial membranes: cover, line, secrete, types are: 1. Cutaneous, 2. Mucous, and 3. Serous membranes |
| Cutaneous mebranes? | Cutaneous membrane is an epithelial membrane, superficial epidermis (skin), composed of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. the underlying dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) conective tissue, The cutaneous membrane is exposed to air and is dry. |
| Mucous membrane (mucosa)? | Line body cavities that connect to the exterior of the body. They rest on loose connective tissue called lamina propria. They are typically found in respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive. Contains stratified squam epithelium or simpl columnr e |
| Serous membranes? | Serous memb: simple squamous epithlm resting on thin areolar connective tissue, line body cavities that are closed to exterior, occur in pairs: Parietal lines ventral cavity, folds in on itself to form Visceral layer covers organs (inside layer). |
| Connective tissue Membranes: | Synovial membraines are connective membranes (not epithelial!), soft areolar connective tissue, line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, line sm sacs called bursae and tubelike tendon sheath. both cushion organs moving against each othr durng muscl actv |
| cutaneus membrane is aka? | cutaneous aka skin aka integumntary system "covering". |
| What are the layers of the Epidermis? | Epidermis: 5 stratums: "CLGSB" Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale (Sits on top of Dermis)All layers start with naming "Stratum..." |
| What are the two layers of the skin? | Epidermis and Dermis |
| About the epidermis? | Epidermis has five layers, sits over dermis, is not vascularized, s.corneum most keratinized, cornified, hardened dead layer of skin. |
| Two layers of the Dermis? | Dermis has two layers: Papillary and Reticular layers (sebaceous, oil, eccrine, sweat, hair folicles and roots, pili, meissner & cpacinian corpuscles, and hair follicle receptors) |
| What is the hypodermis? | hypodermis is sucutaneous tissue layer and is not part of the epidermis it contains adipose and cutaneous blood vessels. |
| What do Melanocytes make? | Melanocytes make melanin found mainly in stratum basale sunlight stimulates them to make more melanin. melanin migrates via melanosomes taken up by keratinocytes, granules that shield DNA , make frecles too, color the skin... |
| What is the Dermis like/resembles? | Dermis is thick and tough like a hide. Both collagen and elastic fibers are found in dermis. Phagocytes are found in the lower reticular layer. |
| What makes skin color? | skin color: melanin, carotene, oxygen-rich hemoglobin. |
| Sweat Glands are AKA? | sweat glands also known as sudoriferous glands, 2.5 million per person. Two types ecrine and apocrine. more eccrine in body make seat clear Na, h2o, vit c, ammonia urea, uric acid, lactic acid... pH 4-6 of skin excre via funnl pore facl pores, reg heat |
| apocrine vs eccrine sweat pores? | Apocrine found in axilary and genital areas larger than eccrine glands and their ducts empty into hair follicles. secretn contns fatty acids & proteins which are growth medium for bacteria causing odor. secrete androgens too. |
| What is the ABCD-E of Cancer identification? | Recognizing melanoma rule A. Asymmetry B.Border Irreg C. Colors diffrnt blk, brn, tan, blue, red... D.Diameter lgr than 6 mm in diameter; and possibly E. Elevation above skin surface. |
| What is Lanugo on fetus? | fetal (5 & 6th months of pregnancy) Lanugo is hair that cloaks but sheds before birth. |
| What is Vernix Caseosa? | White cheesy looking substance produced by sebaaceous gands to protect baby's skin while inside the mother. |
| What is Milia Spots? | Milia spots are accumulations in sebaceous glands appearance is small white spots commonly found in newborns on nose and forehead and norm disapear in third week to month after birth. |
| What two phases of mitosis are similar but opposite in progression to one another? | Two opp but similar phases in mitosis are: Prophase and Telophase. Prophase: cell div begins, chromosomes w/two sister chromatids attchd by centromere, centrioles sep w/titotic spindles, centrioles move toward poles, no nuclear envelope anymore. |
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