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3rd Quarter ES
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| magma | molten rock beneath the earth |
| lava | molten rock issueing from a volcano |
| tephra | solid matter ejected during a volcanic explosion (ash, lapilli, and bombs) |
| pluton | any body of igneous rock that has been solidified far below the earth's surface |
| volcanic neck | the solidified lava or igneous rock filling a tube-like passage leading either to a vent of an extinct volcano or to a laccolith in which the cone has eroded away |
| volcanic dike | a sheet-like body of magma that cuts through and across layering of rocks |
| sill | a body of intrusive igneous rock expanding between neds of sedimentary rocks or layers of volcano ejecta |
| laccolith | a mass of igneous rock intruded between layers of sedimentary, resulting in uplift |
| batholith | a large body of igneous rock that has been solidified deep within the earth |
| stock | a irregular igneous intrusion, usually branching from a batholith |
| lapilli | small stony particles ejected from a volcano |
| bombs | rough spherical or ellipsodal masses of lava, ejected from a volcano and hardening while falling |
| hot spot | an area of magma above and within the lithosphere |
| caldera | a large basin resulting from an explosion of collapse of a volcano |
| rift eruption | when magma erupts through long cracks in the lithosphere |
| subduction boundary eruption | a volcanic eruption that occurs at a subducting plate boundary |
| felsic | a rock containing lighter minerals |
| mafic | a rock that has a high content of magnesium and iron |
| shield cone | a type of cone mainly built up of fluid lava flows |
| cinder cone | a type of cone created when magma erupts out of a volcano and falls to the ground in small glassy pieces |
| magma gas | gasses that are given off from magma containing lots of different particles |
| pyroclastic flow | a fast moving current of extreamly hot gas |
| aa lava flow | jagged rubbly lava flow |
| pahoehoe flow | smooth ropy lava flow |
| Edfell | volcano on an island off the coast of Iceland that erupted on January 23, 1973 |
| Mount Saint Helens | volcano that erupted in Washington on May 18, 1980 |
| Kilauea | youngest volcano on Big Island of Hawaii that has had uninterupted eruption since 1983 |
| Pompeii | partially buried Roman town near Naples, Italy that was destroyed after eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD |
| Olympic Mons | a volcano of Mars, thought to have erupted 40 million years ago |
| Craters of the Moon | a volcanic field between Arco and Carey, Idaho consisting of many volcanic features |
| Yellowstone Caldera | a volcanic caldera located in Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming |
| Hawaii | has three active volcanoes (one is underwater) and was made by volcanoes |
| Mount Pinatubo | a volcano that erupted June 15, 1991 on the island of Luzon in the Philippines that lasted 9 hours |
| mudflows-lahar | a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water |
| landslide | the downward falling or sliding of a mass of soil, debris, or rock on or from a steep slope |
| craters | a bowl-shaped depression formed by a meteor |
| plate friction | friction of plates rubbing against each other that causes earthquakes |
| elastic rebound theory | a theory that when energy ruptures, zones next to the fault rebounds elastically |
| Alska 1964 | largest earthquake in North America, 2nd largest in world history |
| 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes | happened in Missouri and Kansas |
| San Andreas Fault | where the North American and Pacific plates meet |
| California's largest earthquake | in Fort Tejon, California on San Andreas Fault |
| tsunami | a large and destructive wave, caused by an underwater volcano or seaquake |
| strike-slip fault | break in the earth's crust where two blocks slip past each other |
| Mexico City earthquake | a subduction of Cocos Plate sliding under North America |
| pancaked building | when an earthquake causes a building to become unstable and fall down on itself |
| liquifaction | when an earthquake's shaking is so intense, soil looses strength and stiffness, causing it to behave like a liquid |
| Mercalli scale | a scale indicating the intensity and severity of an earthquake's effects |
| P wave (Primary) | a longitudinal earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth and in a compressing movement pattern |
| S wave (Shear) | a transverse earthquake wave that cannot travel through the interior of the earth becasue it moves in a shearing-like movement pattern |
| L wave (Love) | an earthquake wave that travels around the earth's surface |
| seismic zone | a region in which the rate of seismic activity remains fairly consistant |
| seimic movement | a quantity used by earthquake seismologists to measure the size of an earthquake |
| shadow zone | an area in which an S-Wave is not detected due to it not being able to pass through the outer core of the earth due to it being liquid |
| the Moho (Mohorovicic discontinuity) | the boundary between the asthenoshpere and the lithosphere |
| seismologist | earth scientist, specialized in earth motion, who studies the genesis and propagation of seismis waves |
| Richter Scale | a scale rannging from 1 to 10 indicating the intensity of an earthquake based on measurement |
| time-travel earthquake graph | an underground graph used to portray and determine the distance an earthquake will travel |
| magnitude | the amount ofseismic evergy released and/or capable of release by an earthquake or other deep earth activity |
| Untited States Risk of an Earthquake map | a map portraying areas of high seismic activity in known U.S. states |
| focus | the point of origin of an earthquake |
| epicenter | where an earthquake'sshock waves radiate |
| seismograph | tool that helps and measures vibrations of an earthquake |
| seismogram | a record made by a seismograph |
| fault | a fracture in a body of rock |
| triangulation | a technique for establishing the distance between any two points |
| seismic waves | shock waves in solid rock generated by earthquakes |
| time travel difference between P and S waves | P waves can travel almost twice as fast as S waves |
| aftershock | a small earthquake or tremor that follows a major earthquake |
| renewable energy resources list | resources that can be replenished: plants, energy from wind and water |
| non-renewable resources list | resources that cannot be replenished in near future: metals, fuel |
| maximum sustained yield | the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be used without impairing or damaging its ability to be renewed |
| sustainable developement | a way of using natural resources without depleting them |
| desertification | the rapid depletion of plant life by which an area becomes a desert |
| contour plowing | a farming method for plowing that follows the contours of the land to minimize the effects of erosion |
| deforestation | the loss of forests |
| overfishing | causes fish population to dcline |
| biodiversity | health of an ecosystem |
| recycling | processing so as to make suitable for reuse |
| abiotic | nonliving |
| biotic | living |
| celular respiration | using or eating organisms to attain energy |
| photosynthesis | the act of using sunlight as a source of energy with the aid of chlorophyll |
| soil fertility | the amount and proportion of nutrients, heat, water, light, and air that is needed in a soil to support plant growth |
| soil depletion | a decrease in soil quality due to overfarming or erosion |
| salinization | the process of soil obtaining salt and becoming saline |
| eutrophication | the addition of artificial or non-artificial substances to a fresh water system |
| ore mineral | a mineral from which a valuable constituent can be profitable mined or extracted |
| gangue | rock or mineral matter of no value |
| reserves | something kept or stored for use or need |
| fossil fuels list | coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum |
| acid rain | rain with a pH of 6.5 or lower |
| toxic wastes | waste material that can cause death or injury to living creatures |
| active volcano | a volcano that has erupted currently and proably will again soon |
| dormant volcano | a volcano that isn't currently erupting but is capable to |
| extinct volcano | a volcano that hasn't erupted in thousands of years and are not expected to erupt again |
| petroleum consumer products | gasoline, kerosene, asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics |
Created by:
rosearade
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