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JRA Evoultuion
Chapter 5 Charles Darwin, Fossils, and Homologous Structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ship that Charles Darwin was on during his exploration of new species around the world in circa 1830s. (His Majesty's Ship) | H.M.S. Beagle |
| English naturalist who sailed on the H.M.S. Beagle in circa 1830s and created the theory of natural selection in circa 1850s. (He also created a book called the Origin of Species.) | Charles Darwin |
| A person who studies the natural world. | naturalist |
| Captain of the H.M.S. Beagle during Darwin's five year voyage collecting samples of new species. | Lieutenant Robert Fitzroy |
| A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. | species |
| A group of small islands in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of South America. | Galapagos Islands |
| A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. | adaptation |
| The gradual change in a species over time. | evolution |
| A well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. | scientific theory |
| The theory that natural selection, over millions of years, leads to evolution. | theory of evolution |
| The process by which humans domesticate organisms for a certain benefit. | artificial selection |
| Another name for artificial selection. | selective breeding |
| A British biologist who, along with Darwin, proposed the explanation for how evolution occurs. | Alfred Russel Wallace |
| A book written by Darwin explaining the relationship between evolution and natural selection. | The Origin of Species |
| The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species. | natural selection |
| When a species produces far more offspring than can possibly survive. | overproduction |
| Any difference between individuals of the same species. | variation |
| When offspring compete with each other for food, water, living space, etc. | competition |
| When an organism is "selected" to survive by using their helpful trait. | selection |
| Only traits that are inherited, or controlled by genes, can be acted upon by natural selection. | the role of genes in evolution |
| One of the Galapagos Islands where a 1977 study of finches took place. | Daphne Major |
| When some members of a species become cut off from the rest of the species by a geographic hazard or feature. | geologic isolation |
| A species of squirrels that was very large about 10,000 years ago. | Abert's squirrel |
| A species of squirrels that got cut off from the Abert's squirrel population by the Grand Canyon using geologic isolation. | Kaibab squirrel |
| A supercontinent that eventually split apart, forming the seven modern continents. | Pangaea |
| A process in which Pangaea, the supercontinent that existed over millions of years ago, gradually split apart. | continental drift |
| A type of mammal that gives birth to very small young that continue to develop in a pouch on the mother's body. | marsupial |
| A preserved remain or trace of an organism that lived in the past. (At least 10,000 years old.) | fossil |
| The study of fossils. | paleontology |
| Someone who studies fossils. | paleontologist |
| Particles of soil and rock. | sediments |
| A type of rock that is formed by hardened layers over millions of years. (Only type of rock fossils can be found in.) | sedimentary rock |
| Fossils that are formed when minerals gradually change the remains by replacing them. | petrified fossils |
| A hollow space in sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism. | mold |
| A copy of the shape of the organism that made the mold and formed when the mold becomes filled in with hardened minerals. | cast |
| Remains that are preserved in substances such as tar, ice, and sap. (Also desiccation= dried out.) | preserved remains |
| A type of preserved remain that is in hot or cold places, or sometimes in caves. (Also known as dried.) | desiccation |
| When the carbon atoms in an organism form a "shadow" in rock. | carbon film |
| Evidence of an organism's presence, such as a footprint or a nest. | trace |
| A technique in which scientists determine which of two fossils is older. | relative dating |
| A technique in which scientists can determine the actual age of fossils. | absolute dating |
| Unstable elements that decay, or break down, into different elements. | radioactive elements |
| The time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. | half-life |
| The millions of fossils that scientists have discovered. | fossil record |
| A way to describe a species with no alive members. | extinct |
| Animals without backbones. | invertebrates |
| Animals with backbones. | vertebrates |
| A "calendar" of Earth's history that spans more than 4.6 billion years and consists of periods and eras. | Geologic Time Scale |
| The oldest ERA in the Geologic Time Scale that is also known as the Age of Bacteria. | Precambrian |
| The second-oldest ERA in the Geologic Time Scale that means " old life" and is also known as the Age of Fish. | Paleozoic |
| The third-oldest ERA in the Geologic Time Scale that means "middle life" and is also known as the Age of the Dinosaurs. | Mesozoic |
| The most recent ERA in the Geologic Time Scale that means "new life" and is also known as the Age of Mammals. | Cenozoic |
| The oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Paleozoic ERA. | Cambrian |
| The second-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Paleozoic ERA and is when the oldest fish fossils were found. | Ordovician |
| The third-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured in the Paleozoic ERA. | Silurian |
| The fourth-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Paleozoic ERA and is when the oldest amphibian fossils were found. | Devonian |
| The fifth-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Paleozoic ERA and is when the oldest reptile fossils were found. | Carboniferous |
| The sixth-oldest period that occured during the Paleozoic ERA. | Permian |
| The seventh-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Mesozoic ERA and is when the oldest mammal fossils were found. | Triassic |
| The eighth-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Mesozoic ERA and is when the oldest bird fossils were found. | Jurassic |
| The ninth-oldest period in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Mesozoic ERA. | Cretaceous |
| The most recent period (besides modern) in the Geologic Time Scale that occured during the Cenozoic ERA. | Tertiary |
| Millions of Years Ago. | MYA |
| A theory proposing that evolution occurs slowly but steadily. (Thought by Darwin, continental drift.) | gradualism |
| A scientist who, along with Niles Eldridge, proposed a new theory that agrees with the fossil record. | Stephen Jay Gould |
| A scientist who, along with Stephen Jay Gould, proposed a new theory that agrees with the fossil record. | Niles Eldridge |
| A theory that states species evolve during short periods of rapid change. | punctuated equilibria |
| A tiny organ attached to the large intestine. | appendix |
| Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor. (Bones, DNA, embryos.) | homologous structures |
| The top and largest bone right above the radius and the ulna. | humerus |
| The bone on the left of the ulna. | radius |
| The bone on the right of the radius. | ulna |
| The group of bones below the radius and the ulna. | carpals |
| The bones located below the carpals. (On a human hand, all of first bones of the five fingers except for the thumb are these.) | metacarpals |
| The bones located below the metacarpals. (On the hand of a human, the only finger that is 100% this is the thumb.) | phalanges |
| An organism before it hatches, is born, or germinates. | embryo |
| A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. (Common ancestor, how closely related organisms are, when organisms evolved.) | branching tree |
| Another name for a branching tree. | phylogenetic tree |
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math47ja
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