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HOL final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proterozoic | 2.5Ga to 0.542Ga |
| Proterozoic earth system | UV reduced, oxygen, CO2 decrease, longer days, surface conditions similar to today, plate tectonics |
| Acritarchs | algal eukaryote phytoplankton |
| Eukaryotes | cell types, regulate cell type organization |
| Grypania | mutlicellular algal ~1.8 GA Michigan |
| Oxygenation of atmosphere | CO2 + H2O sunlight␣(CH2O)n + O2, photosynthesis needed to maintain O2 today, O2 removed by fire, rust, respiration, decomposition of organic material |
| Branded Iron Formation (BIF) | – Alternating layers of Fe-rich and Fe-poor rock composed of silica (SiO2), formed in oceans on anoxic earth, clue to O2 atmosphere Range in age from 3.5 to ~2 Ga |
| Oldest Animals | •By 600 Ma, unambiguous animals are found (small) • Embryos, Trace fossils •Biomarker of possible sponge in rocks ~630 Ma |
| Unusual Events | Abrupt chemical change – Massive amounts of volcanism – Asteroid impact – Glaciation |
| Rodinia | Massive landmass in the neoproterozoic |
| Snowball Earth | Postulated glaciers covered the entire Earth – including tropics |
| Joe Kirchvink | Joe Kirschvink (Cal Tech) in 1992 introduces term “Snowball Earth” |
| Snowball Earth Hypothesis | Earth experienced vary marked temperature oscillations in the Neoproterozoic, from very cold (“snowball Earth”) to very hot • 1998 proposed a ‘unified’ snowball Earth hypothesis |
| Snowball earth conditions | Cold Climate change, shutdown of photosynthesis, hydrologic cycle, chemical weathering, conditions after very warm -> extinction |
| Neoproterozic Animals | Appear by 600 MA; stromatolites, cyanobacteria, acritarchs decrease in diversity, phytoplankton diversify, shelled animals, ediacaran fauna |
| Cambrian Explosion | (542 to ~530 Ma) – By 530 Ma, all modern (crown group) animal phyla evolved – Few to many extinct phyla Within a few tens of millions of years, animals diversify at the phylum, class, and order level – Adaptive radiation |
| Neoproterozoic earth systen | ~800 Ma Rodinia breaks up – New ocean basins (lots of volcanic activity) •O2 increasing (reaches ~3 to 10% by 542 Ma) •Snowball Earth (intermittent between ~710 to ~>542 Ma) Acraman impact ~580 Ma (~150 km crater) [K-T crater ~180 km |
| Ediacaran Fauna | soft bodied animals • Rich assemblage of animal fossils (<570 to >542 Ma) • Strange preservation, primarily impressions in sandstone disappeared at precambrian/cambrian boundry |
| Cambrian Explosion Hypothesis | Sudden “appearance” of animals near the base of Cambria Adhoc –Incompleteness of record – Environmental – Ecological – Developmental – Geneticn bothered Darwin |
| Stem Groups | can have their own distinct derived character (autapomorphy), unique to the group, in addition to the shared derived character(s) (synapomorphy), which they share with crown groups |
| Crown Groups | The last common ancestor of a living clade plus all of its descendants (monophyletic) |
| Phylum | established on the basic body-plan and according to the most basic body-parts shared by the group. Consists of a group of species that share a unique body plan or organization that reveals no evidence of relationship to other phyla. |
| Chordates | animals with a notochord, vertebrates and others |
| arthropoda | animals with a jointed exoskelton |
| mollusca | animals with a shell-secreting mantel |
| diversity | • Numbers of different taxa • Varies with time • With a functional geological time scale,defined by the fossil record, one can count the number of taxa (from species to phyla) that existed at any time in the past |
| Diversity curves | plot diversity overtime |
| Jack Sepkoski | Consulted literature on fossil animal taxa • Compiled a database (used family rank) • Plotted diversity |
| trilobites | appear soon after tommotian fossils, phylum anthropoda |
| Cambrian Lagerstätten | preserves soft-bodied as well as shelled organisms |
| Lagerstätten | from the German meaning “place of storage”; fossil deposits of extraordinary richness and/or completeness, usually loaded with preserved, soft- bodied forms |
| Chengjiang | may be as old as 530 Ma record notable parts of the Cambrian Explosion Yunnan, China • “Recently” discovered (1984) • Early Cambrian (may be as old as 530 Ma; about 12 m.y. after boundary) • Phylum Chordata present |
| Burgess Shale | (~505 Ma) record notable parts of the Cambrian Explosion Located in Rocky Mountains, British Columbia • Discovered in 1909 by accident by Charles D. Walcott |
| Brachiopods | Lamp shells Bivalved filter feeders with lophophore |
| Lophophore | a filter- feeding structure in Brachiopods |
| Corals (Cnidarian) | Rugose (solitary)& Tabulate (colonial) |
| Bryozoans | (moss animals) Colonial Lophophorates Individual animal lived in this space |
| Arthropoda | Ostracods, small, a few millimeters in size |
| Hemichordates (Graptolites) | Colonial planktonic (float around) hemichordates |
| Echinoderms | star fish |
| Chordates | Unifying Characteristics •Dorsal Notochord •Pharyngeal basket •Post-anal tail First appeared in early cambrian |
| Craniates/Vertebrates | Chordates with Skulls •Probably appear by Early Cambrian, as well •More “fish-like” specimens known from Ordovician |
| HETEROSTRACANS | •Known for their bony headshields •Likely scooped food off of seafloor Jawless fish fossil |
| OSTEOSTRACANS | •Radiated in Late Silurian, probably due to evolution of PAIRED FINS Jawless fish fossils |
| ACANTHODIANS | •Small fish (~20cm) •Include the oldest known jawed fish •Late Ordovician to Permian •Only abundant in Devonian First jawed vertebrates |
| PLACODERM | Dominant and worldwide in Devonian First jawed vertebrates |
| SHARKS AND RAYS | •First definitively known from the Early Devonian >400 million year history |
| Life's major enviornments | Dominantly depositional Continental shelf life depositional settings are more likely to be preserved. Dominantly erosional Terrestrial Preservational bias towards depositional environments • Moderate to low energy • Quick burial (need anoxia – no O2)lif |
| Why invade land? | More light available for photosynthesizers, Unexploited food sources, Escape from predators |
| Aqueous conditions | Surrounded by salt water, fresh water to hypersaline, gases are dissolved, Important cations and anions are readily available,Thermal buffering,is sufficiently dense to minimize structural support for an organism,flushes away wastes, Used as a medium fo |
| General problems for life on land | drying out, obtaining nutrients, thermal problems, support for gravity. reproduction, waste management |
| ORDER of invasion | photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria, algea, plants) Arthropods: insects and myraidpods vertebrates |
| Land plants | Originated from green algae, All land plants form a monophyletic group |
| Algea | – Algae: multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that are not land plants – Paraphyleticuse -Chlorophyll A and B: Live closer to water surface than other algae, Common in fresh water, Store metabolic waste as lignin |
| Bryophytes | mosses and liverworts- water transport of sperms |
| pteridophytes | ferns and horsetails |
| gymnosperms and angiosperms | plants with seeds g: uses pollen and internal fertilization a: seeds inside a fruit |
| Cuticles | way of overcoming problem of desiccation a waxy covering |
| Stomata | holes to allow for the exchange on natural gases |
| Rhizoids and roots | for water and nutrients, anchor plants to the ground |
| vascular tissue | transports water and nutrients and photosynthetic products through plants - can be used for support tissue against gravity |
| Cenozoic | Dominated by angiosperms, Gymnosperms still important Some pteridiophytes still around |
| Early Devonian land plants | cuticle and stomata but no vascular tissue; mushrooma |
| late silurian and devonian land plants | vascular tissue, cuticle with stomata |
| Late devonian Plant communities | development of: true wood and roots • More complex branching patterns • Larger, flatter leaves • Seeds • Forests appearence of first trees |
| Anthropod terrestrial tracks | Very Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician arthropod tracks in a terrestrial sand deposit Late Silurian trace fossils likely millipedes •But few animals occupied terrestrial habitats before the Devonian |
| Early tetrapods | “Amphibian-like” in that they are still tied to the water for reproduction (may have spent most their life in water) Mostly carnivorous (pisciverous or insectivorous) Plants provided shelter and cover, but not food. Vertebrate herbivory evolved later |
| Amniotes | tetrapods that form eggs inside a protective membrane an reproduce via internal fertilization |
| amniotic egg | provides the embryo with a sac within which to grow, and one filled with nutritious yolk - no longer tied to water, develop longer, protection from outer shell |
| early amniotes | • First synapsid – Late Carboniferous • First reptiloid – Late Carboniferous • Synapsids dominated Late Carboniferous and Permian • Synapsids declined and were replaced by Diapsids (a group of reptiloids)--which dominated the Mesozoic |
| GGeorges Cuvier (1769-1832) | Established extinction as a fact in 1796 |
| Extinction | • Death of a taxon • Expected fate of a species • Rates of speciation and extinction – Speciation>extinction = increase diversity – Speciation |
| Mass extinction | Geologically sudden, significant part of all life went extinct, extinct species belonged to different clades/phyla, lived in different habitats, occurred globally |
| John Phillips | Life on earth 1860 |
| 5 great mass extinctions | End ordovician, late devonian, permo-triassic, end triassic, cretaecous tertiary |
| Terrestrail life at end of Paleozoic | swamps gone, continental climate, diversity patterns have appearance of abrupt change, woodlands crash, insects decrease, most extinction occurred in 251 ma |
| Marine environments | Some groups not affected • Some groups in decline well before boundary, make it into the latest Permian, only to become extinct at or near the boundary • Somegroupsquitediverseuntillatest Permian, then rapidly undergo extinction, but not total extinctio |
| More marine environments | Some low diversity groups in the LatePermian, suffer variable extinction, and recover quickly in Triassic • A few groups seem to go extinct by end of Permian, only to re-appear millions of years later in the Triassic • Reefs die out |
| Causes of mass extinction | Catastrophic: impacts Earth agents: volcanism, glaciation, climate change, changes in gases, sea-level changes biologically: pandemics, bad genes |
| Formation of Pangea | seafloor spreading slows down, and sea level drops – leads to loss of continental shelves and more “continental climates” |
| Geologic factors in pangea | • Pangaea formed, seafloor spreading slows down, and sea level drops • Loss of continental shelf space • Increased seasonality and aridity on continents due to large land mass |
| Flood basalts | times in Earth’s history when immense amounts of basalt (lava) pour onto the Earth’s surfaceGases released cause climate change: – climatic cooling from sulfuric acid aerosols – greenhouse warming from CO2 and SO2 gases • acid rain Explosive volcanism |
| skull conditions | Amniotic tetrapods are grouped according to the position and number of temporal openings in the skull |
| Early synapsids - pelycosaurs | • Early synapsids from the Late Carboniferous and Permian – defined by synapsid skull condition: Not reptiles! • The “sail-backs” are loosely known as the pelycosaurs •Include both herbivores and carnivores |
| Types of pelycosaurs | dimetrodon, therapsids |
| Mammals | • Appeared in Late Triassic (~195 Ma) – After dinosaurs – Evolved from therapsids (which evolved in mid-Permian, ~260 Ma, from pelycosaurs) • Therapsids important Permian and early Triassic terrestrial vertebrates • Remained small in Mesozoic |
| Archosaurs (Greek: “ruling lizards”) | • Socket teeth • In addition to diapsid condition, skull has many fenestrae (e.g., between eye and nostril, in jaw • Became dominant terrestrial vertebrate in early Triassic and through to the end of the Cretaceous |
| Dinosaur factoids | dominate land vertebrates, diverse, defined by a bipedal stance, 2 major groups defined by hip structure |
| Ornithischians | "bird-hipped" Late Triassic to end-Cretaceous Entirely herbivorous •Adverse range of forms • The most successful herbivores in the Mesozoic Cretaceous forms include the armored dinos, the duckbill dinos, and very common horned dinos |
| Saurischians | "lizard-hipped" late Triassic to present, herbivores and carnivores 2 greatest lineages sauropdmorphs, theropods |
| sauropoda | largest land animals known |
| gymnosperm | "nakes seeds" Gymnosperms were the dominant large plants of the Mesozoic Era, Most of the trees that stood above Triassic fferns belonged to 3 gymnos that originated during the Late Paleozoic—all of which have surviving members today |
| New mesozoic landscape | The absence of flowering plants, such as grasses and hardwood trees, would have made Mesozoic floras appear relatively monotonous to a modern observer • It was a gymnosperm and fern world |
| Theropods | Bipedal carnivores (except for some modern birds) • Retained the body plan of the ancestral dinos – Earliest were small & agile |
| Tyrannosaurus rex | • Acoelurosaur,anadvancedtheropodlineage • Hadamassiveskullwithtinyarms T. rex – This combination of characters is not well- understood |
| Deinonychus | • Skull of Deinonychusis long and light;strong teeth are designed for seizing, slashing, and cutting • A fast,powerful predator – Larger than Velociraptor, which was ~2 m |
| Oviraptors | Fossil dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous Belonged to the theropod, brooded their nests like modern birds |
| Birds | have superior power of flight and high levels of endothermy, developmentally feathers are homologous to reptilian scales, have a horny bill instead of jaw and teeth |
| Archaeopteryx | oldest known fossil bird, many theropod features •long, bony lizard-like tail that bore feathers • It was probably a clumsy flier by modern bird standards –lacks a breastbone |
| wings and evolution | -Analogous features - superficially similar but not as a result of any common evolutionary origin •Homologous features - similarity of form due to sharing common ancestor (e.g., tetrapods) |
| Pterosaurs | Late Triassic until Late Cretaceous (~140 million years) very lightly built skeletons, with air spaces in many of the bones • Long wings and hollow ␣␣ Ancestry uncertain, bones that served to facilitate flight,No living descendents to be studied |
| 3 points of plant evolution | 1) evolution of the spore- bearing leafy, treelike plants 2) evolution of gymnosperm 3) evolution of angiosperm |
| cycads | Prominent Mz gymnosperm (originated in Permian) • Woody stems, tough leaves – Grow very slowly • Cones usually large • Jurassic sometimes called “Age of Cycads” • Only 10 genera exist today |
| conifers | • With the possible exception of the pine family, all of the modern conifer families were present in early Mz time – Mesozoic landscapes would have looked more familiar to us • Early conifers, like modern ones, bore naked seeds on cones |
| Ginkgoes | • Ginkgoes constituted the 3rd group of tree-forming gymnos in the Triassic as a street tree, being exceptionally tolerant of smoke, low temperatures |
| marine reptiles | emerged in early mesozoic, modifications include paddle shaped limbs, streamlines bodies, air breathing |
| Mesosaurus | an anapsid, Permian fresh water reptile, carnivorous, lived in and around south african and south american parts of Gondwanaland, part of pangea |
| mosasuars | Giant marine lizards! •Cretaceous •Large sharp teeth,and elongate body, and flippers •Most likely had a“fish-like” swimming style • Primarily fish eaters,but some dined on large mollusks •Like lizards and snakes,has a wide gape |
| Plesiosaurs | • The largest and best known sauropterygian clade • Slender, curved teeth,Limbs highly modified for swimming, short broad bodies and large bony flippers |
| Ichthyosaurs | Superficially similar to modern dolphins but swimlike fish,tail flukes vertical, streamlined, large eyes |
| miccrofossils | photosynthetic protists |
| mollusks | clams (rudistids) built in reefs in the Cretaceous |
| reefs | biologically produced structures that rise from the seafloor forming ridges or mounds – calcium carbonate producing, benthic organisms. • During the Mesozoic, corals dominated in the Triassic and Jurassic, while rudistid clams dominated in the Cretaceou |
| ammonoids | the dominant cephalopod in Mesozoic |
| Belemnites | other important mollusk |
| major features of the KT extinction | 5th most severe, well dates, best studied, focuses on dino, land and sea extinctions, reduction of size of survivors, hypothesis: volcanism and impact |
| extinctions in KT | •Ammonoids •Belemnites Rudistid bivalves (clams) •Various microfossils •Marine reptiles (e.g., plesiosaurs, mosasaurs) •Non-avian dinosaurs •Pterosaurs |
| Dinosaurs before KT | • Dinosaurs were decreasing in diversity last ~10 m.y. of Cretaceous – But, during the final 1-2 m.y., diversity seemed to stabilize (~14 taxa) – Abrupt extinction (~ 10 k.y.) |
| Mammals at KT | • Mammals in Cretaceous generally small, and omnivorous – 18 orders today, 17 of these did not exist in Mesozoic – Rapid speciation in early Cenozoic • 3-5 m.y. to diversify and fill broad ecological zones •Increase in size, as well |
| Plants @ KT | Plant diversity dips but it is not abrupt, only in North America - only a 10% extinction at family level |
| Volcanism | •Flood basalts •Deccan Traps 2.4 km thick, today cover 500,000 km2 (2nd largest after the Permo-Triassic, Siberian basalts) •Lots of dust, CO2 |
| Impact | in 1980, Walter and Luis Alvarez (UCB) proposed that >10 km diameter asteroid struck the Earth causing the mass extinction |
| Evidence for impact | IRIDIUM, shocked quartz, tektites, tsunami deposits |
| Shocked Quartz | • Quartz grains develop parallel microfractures during impact. •In this image an unshocked grain is on the left and a shocked grain is seen on the right |
| Tektites | • Materials are melted and ejected during impact. •This melted rock cools into a sphaeroidal or elongate shape during flight. |
| Chicxulub Crater | •180 km diameter found in Yucatan •Buried beneath >1km of Cenozoic sedimentary rock •Crater shape suggests that asteroid hit at a 20o to 30o angle •Gravitational and magnetic field data=concentric rings of denser rock deformed by impact |
| Cenozoic earth | • Pangaea continued to break up, Active plate motion,Climate change, modern faunas diversify, angiosperms dominate, birds radiated, mammals diversify |
| Cenozoic marine life | • Phytoplankton diversify • Other plankton, like forams, diversify (but within existing families) • Invertebrates diversify – Clams, snails, echinoids, bryozoans – Corals return to reef building • Marine mammals appeared in Eocene • Fish diversify |
| Cetacean Evolution | descended from a carnivorous, land-dwelling hooved mammal that returned to a marine lifestyle. -semi aquatic, show well developed hind limbs, nostrils near the tip of the snout |
| Two types of wales | baleen, toothed |
| Bailosaurus | -seen in the late Eocene and is commonly found in the gulf states- it is the Alabama state fossil -fully aquatic but retained small hind limbs, though the pelvis was no longer fused to the sacrum |
| Plants after KT | At the K-T extinction, gymnosperms and angiosperms suffered some extinction (~10%) • Radiation of woody angiosperm trees in Paleocene (modern families and genera) •By early Eocene, Northern Hemisphere dominated by angiosperms |
| Dinosaur coprolite | dino feces |
| Grasses | rapid diversification in Late Oligocene, influenced mammal evolution, diversification of grazing mammals, |
| C4 grassland | -spread beginning in late Miocene associated with the increase in hypsodonty in grazing mammals |
| Hypsodonty | the dental condition in which the teeth have a long crown that extends below the gumline |
| terror Birds | •Diatryma thrived in the lush, tropical forests of the Eocene •Large, flightless, predatory birds gave way to birds that flew, later in Paleogene •managed to thrive in S. America in Cenozoic –Could run at 60 km per hour – Disappeared about 2 Ma |
| Ecosystem of birds and mammals | •Compared to Mesozoic –2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than dinosaurs –ate specific plant parts, often organs, such as fruiting bodies • dinosaurs ate whole plants; indiscriminant eaters • Co-evolution of angiosperms, mammals, and birds |
| mammalian diversification | • EarlyPaleocene – mammals were small (most resembled modern rodents) – no mammal was substantially larger than a moderate-sized dog • EarlyEocene(about12millionyearslater) –mammals had diversified so that most of their modern orders were in existence |
| Saber-Toothed cats | • Smilodon,the Saber-toothed cat is the California state fossil •Smilodon,means“knife-tooth” •Existed from~3Ma to 10,000 years ago |
| Ungulates | hooved animals |
| Perissodactyls | odd-toed ungulates •Living horses, tapirs, and rhinos; only 17 species today -diversified before the even-toed |
| Artiodactyls | even-toed ungulates (cloven- hhoofed); appeared early Eocene •Cattle, antelopes, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, camels, and their relatives; 220 species today |
| Largest land mammals | • In Oligocene -Indricothere – Belonged to the rhinoceros family(a perrisodactyl; odd-toed) • As tall as modern giraffe, About 12 tons – Herbivores, younger members are in danger from predators |
| Early horse | • Early Eocene (Earliest in Late Paleocene time) – No larger than a small dog – Lived either in forest or open woodland • Close to the ancestor of rhinos and tapir |
| Australia and Geographic Isolation and Convergent Evolution | • During the early Cenozoic faunal exchange between Australia and other continents reduced, resulting in geographic isolation of Australia by ~35 Ma • Monotreme, marsupial mammals are thought to have been dominate at the time of isolation. |
| Convergent evolution | Many of these groups converged on forms similar to those of placental mammals on other continents ex: aardvark |
| Cenozoic climate change | warmed in Eocene, cooled in later Eocene, significant polar glaciation, grasses |
| oxygen isotope | •Harold Urey first used oxygen isotopes for paleotemperature •Oxygen isotope composition of carbonate changes with temperature 18O/16O ratio •Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) skeletons |
| Rain, water and ice | •Evaporation higher in 16O •Ice core analyses rely on precipitation and lower ratio means colder, while in calcium carbonate it means warmer |
| human Ancestry | closest living relative= chimpsthen gorillas |
| Homosapiens | – Reflects the history of hominids (family) –No goal or purpose in this tree, just survivors –We happen to be living on one branch in an evolutionary continuum |
| Brain Size | largest brains relative to body size occur in mammals, and within genus HOMO |
| Charles darwin | •In 1871,speculated on African origin for humans –Based this on nearest living relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas •Concluded that we shared a common ancestor with those apes in Africa |
| Primates | -retain plesiomorphic mammalian characteristics: tree-living habit Binocular vision,Omnivorous dentition with large canines, Five digits |
| Apomorphies | derived characteristics: –Brachiation –Color vision (most have this) –Flat nails instead of claws –Enlarged brains relative to body size |
| Primate order | • Have remained structurally generalized – Teeth not specialized – No hoofs, horns, trunks, or antlers • Enlargement of the brain • Modifications of hand and foot for life in trees |
| Plesiadapiforms | Stem group to primates Small, squirrel like animals Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene |
| Carpolestes | -grasping hands/feet -big toe had nail, others had claws -no stereoscopic vision |
| Homo | the genus of primates of which modern humans (Homo sapiens) are the present-day representatives |
| Molecular Evidence | • Combinedanalysesofseveralmoleculardata sets strongly support the hypothesis that humans and chimps are closest relatives. • Using DNA hybridization techniques |
| Miocene radiation | • Severalgroups radiated in response to climate change – radiated into Asia •Gave rise to Pongo (Orangutan) •Sivapithecus Miocene |
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis | • Discovered in 2001 in Chad (not East African) • Six specimens • ~6.75 Ma •320 to 380 cm3 cranial capacity •Considered first hominid •Probably bipeda |
| Orrorin tugensis | •Discovered in 2001 in western Kenya •About 6 Ma •About the size of a Chimpanzee •Limb bones, lower jaw, teeth; no skull |
| The Ardipithicines | • Bipedal: First great radiation of hominids - oldest 5.8 to 5.5 |
| Bipedalism | •Bowl-shaped pelvis with broad ilium •Angled hip and knee joints •Foramen magnum below skull •S-shaped vertebral column •Enlarged big toe in line with others |
| Ardipithecus kadabba | • ReportedMarch4, 2004 • 5.77to5.2Ma • Teeth differ significantly from chimp teeth |
| Ardipithecus ramidus | • From Ethiopia • ~4.4Ma(early Pliocene) • Probably bipedal • Lived in forested regions |
| The Australopithecines | •Second great radiation of hominids* •Bipedal •Smaller than modern humans, but bones strongly built •Relative brain size about half of ours •All extinct by about 1 Ma •Several species co-existed |
| Australopithecus afarensis | •Tanzania and Ethiopia •100+ individuals known • “Lucy” •4.0 to 2.7 Ma •No evidence of tool usage •1.4 m (4.5 feet) •27 to 50 kg (60 to 110 pounds) •Sexually dimorphic •450-550 cm3 cranial capacity •Herbivore •Bipedal |
| Genus Homo | Hominids with increased brain size and reduced teeth and jaws appear in Africa about 2.5 Ma |
| Homo habilis | • T anzania (Kenya, Ethiopia) • 2.5 to 1.8 Ma • An australopithecine body with a Homo skull – Brain case suggests differentiated left and right side – Potential for speech • 3to4feettall •Sexual dimorphism •Stone tools • Omnivore |
| Homo erectus | 1st widespread human, 2.0 Ma radiated from Africa, 6ft, specialized runner and walker, omnivore, diminshied sexual dimporphiam, fire |
| Homo sapiens | Originated in Africa about 200,000 YBP – – Likely evolved from H. erectus Speciation likely linked to development of more sophisticated tools and language Relatively small original population – 1400 cm3 cranial capacity Invaded Europe first, 40,000 YB |
| Homo neanderthalensis | 1892, EUro, omnivorous, tools, fire, burial rituals, Difference from humans: – – – – More robust bones; stocky body Large noses Large front teeth Little or no chin |
| Theistic Evolution | •doesntinvolve literal readingof Bible:scripture is generally meant to be allegorical,typically accepts most or all of the theory of evolution,God sparked the process and created the natural laws – many adherents fall on the side of evolution |
| “Scientific” Creationism | verifiable through scientific method, disputes uniformitartianism , rejects time scale, publishes in own journals |
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