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A & P Cells&Tissues
cells and tissues for Sherill
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the characteristics of cells? | Size, Shape, Function, Adaptability, Conductivity, and Contractility |
| What is adaptability | the ability to adjust to changes in the environment |
| What is conductivity | the ability to conduct heat or electricity |
| What is Contractility | The ability to draw in; shrink or shorten |
| Excretion | the ability to throw off waste materials |
| growth | process of developing toward maturity |
| irritability | the ability to respond to a stimulus or change |
| organization | unified group of components that work together in orderly manner |
| reproduction | ability to produce new individual plants or animals |
| Secretion | ability to make and release a substance, usually liquid |
| What are cell membranes also reffered to as? | plasma membrane |
| what is the purpose of cell membranes? | to surround the cell and regulate entry and exit of materials |
| What are the components of the cell membranes? | phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol |
| Phospholipids | allow lipid-soluble materials to easily enter or leave the cell |
| proteins | channels or pores, transporters, antigens, receptor sites |
| What does selective permeable mean? | lets some things pass and stops others |
| where are intracellular structures found | cytoplasm |
| nucleus | the cells control center that contains chromatin and DNA |
| nucleolus | made of DNA, RNA and protean found in the nucleus |
| what is the function of the nucleolus | it produces ribosomal RNA |
| where are the chromosomes formed? | fromt he chromatin during mitosis |
| what do the chromosomes do? | determine hereditary |
| chromatin | thread like structire of genetic material WHEN CELL IS NOT DIVIDING |
| what is chromatin seen as during division? | Chromosomes |
| cytoplasm | the cellular material between teh nucleus and cell membrane |
| Endoplasmic recticulum | series of small tubes or tunnels that spiral through the cytoplasm |
| what is the function of the endoplasmic recticulum? | it is a passageway for transport of materials within the cell, synthesis of lipids |
| Ribosomes | found in cytoplasm or on surface of rough ER |
| what is the function of ribosomes? | they synthesize proteins |
| Proteasome | barrel-shaped organelle made of enymes |
| what is the funtion of proteasome? | they cut the molecules apart |
| Golgi Apparatus | removes proteins fromt eh cell by surrounding the protein fusing withe the cell membrane, then rupturing the membrane and expelling the protein |
| what are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus | prepares cellular products for secretion (exocytosis) Packaging of materials for secretion from cell and the synthesis of carbohydrates |
| Exocytosis | go out of cell |
| mitochondria | sit of aerobic cell respiration, and ATP production |
| Lysosomes | contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue |
| Centrioles | organize the spindle fibers during cell division |
| Cilia | sweep materials across the cell surface |
| flagellum | enables a cell to move |
| microvilli | increase a cells surface area for absorption |
| deffusion | movement of molecules from an area of greater concentrationto an area of lesser concentration |
| example of defusion | exchange of gases in lungs or body tissue |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water |
| example of osmosis | absorption of water by small intestines, permits kidneys to absorb water |
| facilitated diffusion | carrier and trasporter enzymes move molecules across cell membrane |
| example of facilitated diffusion | intake of glucose |
| active transport | movement of moleculoes from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration requires ATP |
| example of active transport | sodium and potassium pumps in muscle cells |
| Filtration | movement of water and dissolved substances form an area of highter pressure to an area of lower pressure |
| example of filtration | first step in the formation of urine |
| Phagocytosis | a moving cell engulfs |
| example of phagocytosis | WBC's engulf bacteria |
| Pinocytosis | a stationary cell engulfs |
| Active transport | requires the use of energy, often in the form of ATP |
| Passive transport | takes place without the expenditure of energy by the cell |
| Isotonic | a solution with the same salt concentration as in cells (normal saline 0.9%) |
| Hypotonic | a solution with a lower salt concentration than in cells (Distilled) |
| Hypertonic | a solution with a higher salt concentration than in cells (seawater) |
| what happens to cells placed in a hypertonic solution? | fluids rush out of the cell causing cell to shrink (egg and karo syrup) |
| what happens to cells placed in hypotonic solution | fluids rush into the cell, causing the cell to swell and burst (egg and vinigar) |
| DNA | found in the nucleus, Genetic code in the chromosomes of cells |
| what is the purpose of DNA | gives instruction for cell formation |
| mRNA | leaves the DNA in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the cell and becomes attacehd to the ribosomes |
| ribosome | site of protein synthesis, attach the mRNA molecule |
| tRNA | picks up amino acids from food in cytoplasm and transports to proper site |
| Mitosis | one cell iwth dipoid number of chromosomes (46) divides into two identical cells |
| Process of mitosis | produces 2 cells each witht he diploid (46) number of chromosomes |
| what is mitosis necessary for | growth of an organism and for repair of tissue |
| Prophase | chromosomes coil, become visible as rods, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move toward opposite poles and organize the spindle fibers |
| meatphase | pairs of chromatids line up, chetromere of each pair is attached to a spindle fiber |
| anaphase | chromatids are now a separate chromosome, two set, spindle fibers contract and pull chromosomes twoards each pole of the cell |
| telophase | chromosomes reach pole and become indistinct as their DNA uncoils to form chromatin |
| cytokinesis | divides, new cell membrane |
| how many chromosomes does a human cell have that contains DNA and hereditary material? | 46 |
| meiosis | formation of gametes which are egg and sperm cells |
| meiosis | one cell with dipoid number of chromosomes divedes twice to form four cells each witht he haploid number of chromosomes (23) |
| oogenesis | women |
| spermatogenesis | men |
| what are sperm cells | unspecialized cell taht can develop into many different types of cells |
| stem cells | have remarkable potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body during early life and growth |
| stem cells | in many tissues as in internal repair system |
| when a stem cell divides | each new cell has potential to remmain a stem cell or become another type such as brain cell |
| how do you distinguish a stem cell from other types of cells | they are capable of renewing themselves through cell division even after long periods of inactivity |
| what can happen to stem cells under physiologic or experimental conditions | they can be induced to become tissue or organ specific cells withe specific functions |
| what are stem cells reffered to as | cell-based therapies or regerative or reparative medicine |
| what do stem cells yield information about? | complex events that occur during human development that will lead to research on cancer and birth defects |
| where are the 3 main sources of stem cells | bone marrow in adults; cord cells from children born; embryonic cells before they differentiate into specific cells |
| what are the types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve |
| epithelial tissue | found of surfaces as coverings/lining |
| what is the major tissue of glands? | epithelial tissue |
| what tissue lacks blood vessels | epithelial tissue |
| what tissue is continuously replaced | epithelial |
| what tissue is a protective barrier to heat, cold, bacteria, and water loss | epithelial |
| what tissue aids in secretion/excretion | epithelial |
| waht is epithelial tissue classified by? | shape of cells, type of cells, number of layers |
| simple squamous (epithelial) | alveoli of lungs, capillaries (only one cell thick) |
| stratified squamous(epithelial) | epidermis, lingin of esophagus, vagina, surface cells, living barrier to pathogens (many thick layers with a flat surface, the lower layers undergo mitosis, keep on regenerating) |
| Transitional (epithelial) | permits expansion (bladder) |
| cuboidal (epithelial) | glands, secretes, reabsorbs, (Thyroid, salivary, kidney tubules) |
| Columnar (epithelial) | secretes (stomach small intestines) |
| Ciliated | have little hairs (lining trachea, fallopian tubes, bronchial tubes, and nasal cavities) |
| Cancer | a malignant tumor or growth of cells |
| malignant | uncontrolled cell division; tending to spread and become worse |
| metastasis | spread; malignant cells |
| benign | do not metastasize; remain in primary site |
| mutation | genetic change that brings about abnormal cell function |
| carcinogen | environmental substances that cause mutation (cigarette smoke) |
| connective tissue | occurs throughout the body and is the most widespread type of tissue in the body; it protects and supports and binds the body together |
| what tissue contains matrix | connective tissue |
| what tissue is formed in the bone marrow | connective |
| what are the components of blood | plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets |
| areolar (connective tissue) | connects skin to muscle (contains collagen) |
| adipose (connective) | stores excess energy in form of fat, cushions/protects eyes and kidneys |
| fibrous (connective) | tendons/ligaments |
| elastic (connective) | artery walls, is important in the regulation of BP. also helps to make tendons and ligaments |
| bone (connective) | support |
| cartilage | formed on joint surfaces of bones and keeps airway open |
| maliginant cells | uncontrolled division of cells |
| what is the function of maliginant cells? | spread or metasize |
| benign cells | do not metastasize, they remain in primary spot |
| mutation | genetic change brings out abnormal cell function or response |
| genetic disease | hereditary, dna messed up, may be passed to offspring |
| what are the three types of muscle tissue? | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| skeletal | attached to bones, moves skeleton and produces heat |
| smooth | walls of arteries, stomach, and intestines |
| cardiac | heart |
| nerve tissue | consists of nerve cells called neurons |
| where is nerve tissue found? | brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves |
| waht are the functions of nerve cells? | coordinating and regulating body activities and conducts impulses throughout the body |
| cell body | contains the nucleus |
| axon | carries impulse away from the body |
| dendrite | carries impulses towards the body |
| synapse | space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another |
| neurotransmitter | chemical released by axons and transmits impulses across the synapses |
| neuroglia | for myelin sheaths |
| schwann cells | form myelin sheaths around neuron |
| membranes | sheets of TISSUE that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs |
| what are the four types of membranes? | mucos, serous, cutaneous, and synovial |
| mucous membrane | secrete mucus, protect walls of passageways that open to the outside |
| serous | secretes fluids that lubricate surfaces of the inner organs |
| cutaneous | cover and protect the body |
| synovial | line closed joint cavities, secrete lubrication/synovial fluid |
| parietal | refers to the membrane that is attached to the wall and forms the linings of a cavity |
| visceral | refers to the membrane taht covers the organ within a cavity |
| meninges | connective tissue membrane taht covers the brain and spinal cord |
| mesentary | serous membrane that folds over and covers abdominal organs |
Created by:
dgirl2323
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