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Parasitology Prelim1
Possible Exam Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Symbiosis. | Living together is termed symbiosis |
| What are the four major groups of symbiotic organismal relationships? | Four major groups of symbiotic organismal relationships: Commensalism Mutualism Phoresy Parasitism |
| What is the definition of parasitism in ecological terms? | in ecological terms, parasitism is simply a one of the methods wherein different organisms live together |
| What is commensalism? | Commensalism (“dining at the same table”) - In this relationship, the organisms live together, and one is benefited, but the other gains little or nothing from the relationship. |
| What is an example of commensalism? | One often cited example of commensalism are the fish called remoras (Echneidae) that live attached to sharks and other large fish, turtles, and even submarines. |
| What is an example of facultative commensal relationship? | A facultative commensal relationship in that the Giardia trophozoites do not require the inside of the worm in which to live, being very happy in the intestine of the sheep. |
| What is Mutualism? | Mutualism - both partners benefit from the relationship |
| What is an example of mutualism in wood roaches? | Classic example of mutualism are protozoans living in the intestinal tract of wood roaches that were elegantly described by Cleveland |
| What is an example of three way mutualism? | an ant, a butterfly caterpillar, and an acacia in the American southwest. The caterpillars have nectar organs which the ants drink from, and the acacia tolerates the feeding caterpillars. The ants appear to provide some protection for both. |
| What is obligate mutualism? Give examples. | In the mutualistic relationship, neither host can live any longer without the other… Mitochondria Chloroplasts |
| What is phoresy? | Phoresy - simple carrying of another partner |
| What is an example of phoresy? | The adult female Dermatobia will hold a fly, such as a mosquito, and glue its egg to the body of the mosquito. Then, when the mosquito bites a new host, the egg will hatch and the larva will jump onto and penetrate the new vertebrate host |
| What is the relationship between daur larvae and dung beetles? | Another example of phoresy is the carrying of dauer larvae of rhabditoid nematodes from dung pat to dung pat under the elytra (wing covers) of dung beetles. |
| What is the relationship between louse fly and pigeons. | Pseudolynchia canariensis is a hippoboscid or louse fly that feeds on pigeons and doves and can transmit the blood parasite Haemoproteus columbae. |
| What is parasitism? | Parasitism - One of the two draws its subsistence from the other to the appreciable injury of the latter. |
| What the two important characteristic of parasitic protozoa or animals? | Parasitic protozoa or animals are Smaller than their hosts and Live in an intimate relationship in or on their host |
| What is hyperparasitism? | Parasitism of one parasite by another parasite |
| What is a parasitoid? | Special cases wherein the host is consumed from the inside by a parasite, which may grow larger than its host. |
| What are Danalia and Liriopsis? | Danalia and Liriopsis are epicaridean isopod crustacean hyperparasites Parasitic on rhizocephalan cirripedes (crustaceans, like Sacculina) that are parasitic on crabs (decapod crustaceans) one castrates another. |
| What is a host? | Host – the xenodoch in which the parasite eats |
| What is a Definitive Host? | host that defines the parasites through the known relationship |
| What is a Final host? | Final Host is probably the preferred term if developmental stages occur in other hosts |
| What are trypnosomes? | Different trypanosomes are in different vertebrates, but they all use the same tse tse. |
| What are final host? | Final Host is probably the preferred term of a definitinite host if developmental stages occur in other hosts |
| What is and intermediate host? | Host in which essential (required) development occurs |
| What is indirect life cycle? | Development within a host other than the definitive host |
| What is direct lifecycle? | the parasite passes directly from definitive host to definitive host, there is no intermediate host. |
| Trichomonas vaginalis is passed from human to human through copulation. whih lifecycle is this? | Direct lifecycle. |
| What is Dracunculus medinensis? | The Guinea Worm, Dracunculus medinensis. Must undergo a period of development in a copepod before it is infectious to the next definitive host, a person |
| In some intermediate host there is only development, but in some there is also multiplication. True/Flase? | True |
| Microfilaria, a larval nematode from the blood of a bird, is eaten by a blood-feeding mosquito,the worm will develop to the infective third stage in the mosquito.1 to 1. | True |
| What is the relationship between a trematode parasite and snail? | In trematode parasites, the larva that comes out of an egg (a miracidium) will penetrate a snail, and out of the snail will ultimately come thousands of a later larval stage the cercaria One larva in, produces mainly larvae out. |
| What is a vector? | Vector – Living thing that transmits disease. |
| What is a fomite? | Inanimate objects that transmit disease… Flies, fingers, food, etc |
| What is a biological vector? | Biological vector - vector in which development or multiplication of the pathogen occurs. |
| What is a paratenic host? | Host in which no required development occurs |
| What is Diphyllobothrium latum? | In the case of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum, which occurs in piscivorous hosts, the infective larval stage is found in fish that become infected through the ingestion of infective crustaceans called Cyclops. |
| What is a reservoir host? | Reservoir host – host in the wild that maintains an infection (for parasites, usually a definitive host) |
| What is zoonosis? | Disease transmitted from animals to people |
| What the type of parasitism? | Types of parasite/host relationships: Facultative parasitism, Pseudoparasitism, Obligate parasitism |
| What is facultative parasitism? | It describes the parasitic life of animals that normally lead an independent existence but on settling accidentally on or in a suitable host immediately change to parasitism. |
| What is alloionema appendiculatum? | The nematode Alloionema appendiculatum is typically free-living and found in wet soil. The larvae can enter the intestines of snails where they can live for some time and grow. |
| Can Alloionema appendiculatum be uncommonly found in snails grown for food, i.e., in Helix aspersa? | No |
| What is halicephalobus gingivalis? | The nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis.Soil-dwelling nematodes, Capable of entering sores or wounds where they can thrive, Occurs most commonly in horses, Infections often FATAL |
| what is pelodera? | Skin parasitic version of Halicephalobus |
| What is labonella clarki and what's its relation to Aedes sierrensis? | Larvae of the tree-hole dwelling mosquito Aedes sierrensis have the tetrahymenid ciliate Labonella clarki, to prey on them.This is facultative. |
| Facultative parasites are all free living usually, but can be very nasty when they infect people or animals. True or false? | True |
| What is pseudoparasitism? | Pseudoparasitism is used mainly in medical literature to define organisms that upon accidental entry into a host are able to survive in it for some time. |
| What is obligate parasitism? | This is the relationship that we normally consider. The relationship between the two animals is an indispensable phase in the development of the parasitic member of the pair. |
| What is ectoplasmic? | Living on the outside |
| What is endoplasmic? | Living inside |
| Retortomonada has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | both |
| Axostylata has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | endoparasites |
| Euglenozoa (including trypanosomes) has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| Chromista has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| Rhizopoda has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| Dinoflagellata has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - usually free-living but also endoparasites |
| Apicomplexa has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites |
| Ciliophora has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| Myxozoa has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites |
| Mesozoa has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | – endoparasites |
| Aspidobothria has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites |
| Monogenea has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - ectoparasites to endoparasites |
| Digenea has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites |
| Cestoda has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites |
| Acanthocephala has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites |
| Nematodes has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - endoparasites (almost exclusively) |
| Annelida has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | – ectoparasites |
| Crustacea has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| Insects has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| Arachnids has ectoplasmic or endoplasmic relationship? | - both |
| True of false. Obligate Parasites tend to have defining habitats within their hosts | true |
| Where can you find the adult cestodes? | Adult cestodes (tapeworms) are almost invariably found in the small intestine of their host. |
| What is the ultimate development site of Ancylostoma? | Ancylostoma (the hookworm) goes through the skin and respiratory passages on the way to the intestine. |
| What is a temporary parasitism? | Temporary Parasitism - parasites remaining on their hosts only a short time |
| what is periodic parasitism? | Periodic Parasitism - more frequent than continuous parasitism |
| What is type 1 periodic parasitism? | Periodic Parasitism TYPE 1: Adult stages in both the host and in the external environment |
| What is matricidal endotoky? | Process of larvae developing within and eating the mother is common in free-living rhabditid nematodes and is termed matricidal endotoky |
| What are Protelean Parasitism? | The larvae are the parasitic form |
| What are Mermithid nematodes? | They are usually parasitoids.Adults are free living and various larvae are in arthropods. |
| What are Monstrillid copepod? | they are protelean parasite of marine planktons. |
| What is the type 3 periodic parasitism? | Free-living larval stages and adults in the final or definitive host. |
| What is Continuous parasitism? | Continuous Parasitism - parasite cannot exist outside or away from its host |
| What are Sarcoptes scabiei? | Sarcoptes scabiei that lives in human skin cannot survive even on the skin of dogs or pigs, even though they are considered the same species of mite |
| How many hosts does Echinococcus multilocularis cestode have? | 2 hosts. Adults in intestine of Fox. Larval stage in liver of rodent |
| What is Transovarial transmission? | Tranmission through eggs. |
| What are transmammary transmission? | transmission through mammaries. Puppies often get infected with hookworms this way. |
| What are transplacental transmission? | puppies often get infected with roundworms this way. |
| What are two types of direct transmission? | skin to skin and through mating. |
Created by:
jayansuper
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