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201-CH1
Chapter 1 flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another | anatomy |
| concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work to carry out their life-sustaining activities. | physiology |
| The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye | gross anatomy |
| All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or the leg are studied at the same time. | regional anatomy |
| body structure studied system by system | systemic anatomy |
| The study of internal structures as the relate to the overlying skin surface. | surface anatomy |
| Deals with the structures too small to be seen with the naked eye | microscopic anatomy |
| considers the cells of the body | cytology |
| the study of tissues | histology |
| traces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span | developmental anatomy |
| a subdivision of developmental anatomy; concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. | embryology |
| concerns kidney function and urine production | renal physiology |
| explains the workings of the nervous system | neuro physiology |
| examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology |
| function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form | principal of complementarity of structure and function |
| Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another | anatomy |
| concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work to carry out their life-sustaining activities. | physiology |
| The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye | gross anatomy |
| All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or the leg are studied at the same time. | regional anatomy |
| body structure studied system by system | systemic anatomy |
| The study of internal structures as the relate to the overlying skin surface. | surface anatomy |
| Deals with the structures too small to be seen with the naked eye | microscopic anatomy |
| considers the cells of the body | cytology |
| the study of tissues | histology |
| traces the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span | developmental anatomy |
| a subdivision of developmental anatomy; concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. | embryology |
| concerns kidney function and urine production | renal physiology |
| explains the workings of the nervous system | neuro physiology |
| examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology |
| function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form | principal of complementarity of structure and function |
| at this level of structure, atoms combine to form molecules, such as water and proteins | chemical level |
| the smallest units of living things | cells |
| groups of similar cells that have a common function | tissues |
| a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body | organ |
| organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up this | organ system |
| represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life | organismal level |
| organisms must do this so that their internal environment remains distinct from their external environment. | maintain boundaries |
| activities promoted by the muscular system | movement |
| the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. | responsiveness |
| the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood | digestion |
| a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells | metabolism |
| forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors, and sweat and oil glands | integumentary system |
| protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals | skeletal system |
| allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. | muscular system |
| picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack agains foreign substances within the body. | lymphatic system |
| keeps blood constantly supplied with O2 and removes CO2; the gaseous exchanges occur though the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. | respiratory system |
| breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces | digestive system |
| fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands | nervous system |
| glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. | endoctrine system |
| blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc.; the heart pumps blood. | cardiovascular system |
| eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. | urinary system |
| overall function is to produce offspring | reproductive system |
| the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body | excretion |
| producing offspring | reproduction |
| an increase in the size of a body part or organism | growth |
| taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building | nutrients |
| accounts for 60-80% of body weight; is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body | water |
| normal body temperature | 37 C/ 98.6 F |
| the force that air exerts on the surface of the body | atmospheric pressure |
| the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously | homeostasis |
| the factor or event being regulated in a homeostatic control mechanism | variable |
| some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes | receptor |
| information flows from the receptor to the control center along this pathway | afferent pathway |
| determines the set point, analyzes the input it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action. | control center |
| the level or range at which a variable is the be maintained | set point |
| the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity; cause the variable to change in the opposite direction of the initial change. | negative feedback mechanism |
| the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated. | positive feedback mechanism |
| information flows from the control center to the effector along this pathway | efferent pathway |
| disturbance of homeostasis | homeostatic imbalance |
| a standard body position where the body is erect and feet slightly apart | anatomical position |
| makes up the main axis of our body; includes the head, neck, and trunk | axial part |
| consists of appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis | appendicular part |
| toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above | superior |
| away from hte head wnd or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below | inferior |
| toward or at the front of the body; in front of | ventral (anterior) |
| toward or at the back of the body; behind | dorsal (posterior) |
| toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of | medial |
| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of | lateral |
| between a more medial and a more lateral structure | intermediate |
| closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | proximal |
| farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | distal |
| toward or at the body surface | superficial |
| away from the body surface; more internal | deep |
| terms used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions | regional terms |
| nasal | nose |
| oral | mouth |
| cervical | neck |
| acromial | point of the shoulder |
| axillary | armpit |
| abdominal | abdomen |
| brachial | arm |
| antecubital | front of the elbow |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| pelvic | pelvis |
| carpal | wrist |
| pollex | thumb |
| palmer | palm |
| digital | fingers; toes |
| pubic | genital region |
| patellar | anterior knee |
| crural | leg |
| pedal | foot |
| tarsal | ankle |
| frontal | forehead |
| orbital | eye |
| buccal | cheek |
| mental | chin |
| sternal | breastbone |
| thoracic | chest |
| mammary | breast |
| umbilical | navel |
| coxal | hip |
| inguinal | groin |
| femoral | thigh |
| fibular, or peroneal | side of leg |
| hallux | great toe |
| cephalic | head |
| manus | hand |
| otic | ear |
| occipital | back of head; base of skull |
| acromial | point of shoulder |
| vertebral | spinal column |
| scapular | shoulder blade |
| dorsum; dorsal | back |
| olecranal | back of the elbow |
| lumbar | loin |
| sacral | between hips |
| gluteal | bottocks |
| perineal | region between the anus and external genitalia |
| popliteal | back of the knee |
| sural | calf |
| calcaneal | heel |
| plantar | sole |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts | sagittal plane |
| a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the middle | median plane; midsaggital plane |
| sagittal planes offset from the midline | parasagittal planes |
| divide the body into anterior and posterior parts | frontal planes |
| a standard body position where the body is erect and feet slightly apart | anatomical position |
| makes up the main axis of our body; includes the head, neck, and trunk | axial part |
| consists of appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis | appendicular part |
| toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above | superior |
| away from hte head wnd or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below | inferior |
| toward or at the front of the body; in front of | ventral (anterior) |
| toward or at the back of the body; behind | dorsal (posterior) |
| toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of | medial |
| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of | lateral |
| between a more medial and a more lateral structure | intermediate |
| closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | proximal |
| farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | distal |
| toward or at the body surface | superficial |
| away from the body surface; more internal | deep |
| terms used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions | regional terms |
| nasal | nose |
| oral | mouth |
| cervical | neck |
| acromial | point of the shoulder |
| axillary | armpit |
| abdominal | abdomen |
| brachial | arm |
| antecubital | front of the elbow |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| pelvic | pelvis |
| carpal | wrist |
| pollex | thumb |
| palmer | palm |
| digital | fingers; toes |
| pubic | genital region |
| patellar | anterior knee |
| crural | leg |
| pedal | foot |
| tarsal | ankle |
| frontal | forehead |
| orbital | eye |
| buccal | cheek |
| mental | chin |
| sternal | breastbone |
| thoracic | chest |
| mammary | breast |
| umbilical | navel |
| coxal | hip |
| inguinal | groin |
| femoral | thigh |
| fibular, or peroneal | side of leg |
| hallux | great toe |
| cephalic | head |
| manus | hand |
| otic | ear |
| occipital | back of head; base of skull |
| acromial | point of shoulder |
| vertebral | spinal column |
| scapular | shoulder blade |
| dorsum; dorsal | back |
| olecranal | back of the elbow |
| lumbar | loin |
| sacral | between hips |
| gluteal | bottocks |
| perineal | region between the anus and external genitalia |
| popliteal | back of the knee |
| sural | calf |
| calcaneal | heel |
| plantar | sole |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts | sagittal plane |
| a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the middle | median plane; midsaggital plane |
| sagittal planes offset from the midline | parasagittal planes |
| divide the body into anterior and posterior parts | frontal planes |
| runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts | transverse plane |
| another name for a transverse section | cross section |
| cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes | oblique sections |
| the internal organs collectively | viscera |
| a thin, double layered membrane that makes up the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains | serosa; serous membrane |
| the part of the serous membrane lining the cavity walls | parietal serosa |
| serous membrane that covers the organs in the ventral body cavity | visceral serosa |
| a thin layer of lubricating fluid that seperates the serous membranes | serous fluid |
| the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) | umbilical region |
| located superior to the umbilical region | epigastric region |
| located inferior to the umbilical region | hypogastric region |
| located lateral to the hypogastric region | right and left iliac |
| lie lateral to the umbilical region | right and left lumbar regions |
| flank the epigastric region laterally | right and left hypochondriac regions |
| cavity that contains the teeth and tounge; part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus | oral cavity |
| cavity located within and posterior to the nose; part of the respiratory system passageways | nasal cavity |
| cavities in the skull that house the eyes and present them in an anterior position | orbital cavities |
| the cavities carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums | middle ear cavities |
| joint cavities | synovial cavities |
Created by:
schradmk
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