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Micro test 2 Ripp
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Carrier | individuals who don't show symptoms but are still infectious |
| Zoonotic | Diseases transfered from animals (rabies) |
| compromised host | the more compromised the host the greater risk of successful infection |
| reservoir of infection | places wherre pathogens can grow and accumulate |
| What are the 3 types of contract transmission | direct, indirect and droplet |
| Define direct | touching, kissing, sexual |
| Define indirect | non living particles ie towels, bedding AKA FOMITES |
| Define droplet | respiratory...sneezing, coughing, laughing |
| What is vehicle transmission | involves pathogens "riding along" on supposedly clean components ex. IV fluids, food, water |
| What is vector transmission | when pathogens are transmitted by carriers. ex. fleas, ticks,lice |
| what are the 2 types of vector transmission | mechanical(pathogens are on the vectors body parts and are brushed off onto host..flies landing on your food) Biological(thru vector bite) |
| what are factors that affect disease transmission | age, gender, lifestyle,occupation, emotional state, climate |
| What are portals of exit | ex vomiting. ways for a pathogen to exit the body |
| what are narrow spectrum antibiotics | effective against gram positive or gram neg bacteria |
| what are broad spectrum antibiotics | effective agains both gram pos and gram neg bacteria |
| why are organ transplant patients particularly compromised | the drugs reduce rejection but increase susceptibility to infection. therefore require broad spectrum antibiotics which can cause resistance to super infections |
| Why are burn patients compromised | at risk of their primary barrier (skin) pseudomonas infections are a particular problem b/c this organism is resistant to methods used to control bacterial growth |
| how do your normal flora control opportunistic infections? | some pathogens are part of our normal flora. They are fine in specific area of the dody but if they move vecome infections ex UTI's |
| Nonocomial infection | any infection acquired in the hospital or medical facility |
| most common sites of nonocomial infecions? | urinary tract, respiratory, surgical wounds |
| most common source of nonocomial infections | other patiens and staff |
| what pathogens typically cause nonocomial infections | staphylococcus aureaus and escherichia coli |
| why are nonocomial infections so difficult to control | many of the organisms are resistant to antibiotics (MRSA) |
| Epidemiology | the study of the factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of disease and other health related problems |
| Incidence | the number of new cases in a set population over a specific period |
| prevalence | the total number of people infected with in a specific population at any given time |
| Morbidity | number of individuals affected during a set period divided by the total populatiion number |
| sporadic | occurs in random manner, no threat to public health |
| Endemic | diseases that are constantly in the population (commom cold) |
| Epidemic | incidence of a disease suddenly higher that expected |
| pandemic | worldwide epidemic (AIDS) |
| 2 types of epidemic | common source epicemic and propagated epidemic(AIDS) |
| Etiology | how diseases are caused |
| Normal flora | are the useful microorganisms found in the body |
| Where are normal flora found | skin, nose, large intestine, urogenital tract |
| antagonism | our natural antibiotics |
| Acute | develops quickly and lasts short time ex measles |
| chronic | develops slowly but last long time ex TB |
| latent | remains in the host after symptoms are gone and come back yrs later ex chicken pox |
| local infection | abscess (easist to treat) |
| systemic | pathogens move away from infection site (associated w/blood or lymph |
| Bacteremia | bacteria growing in the blood |
| Toxemia | toxins in the blood |
| Veremia | viruses in the blood |
| primary infection | initial infection which has acute onset of symptoms |
| secondary infection | in people who are already weak from a primary infection. can be more dangerous |
| Subclinical | no visible symptoms (carriers) |
| commensalism | they benefit (ex bacteria lived off sloughed off cells in ear and genitalia) |
| Mutualism | both benefit (ex bacteria in colon) |
| Parasitism | microorganisms benefit, we don't (ex TB in lungs) |
| Bacteriocins | kill invading organisms but do not affect the bacteria that produce them AKA antibiotics |
| opportunistic pathogens | occurs when normal flora become pathogenic (ex ecoli) |
| Etiology of a disease is proven usin what? | Koch's postulates |
| What are the 4 steps in Koch's postulates | 1) microorganisms are isolated from dead mouse 2)they are grown in a pre culture & identified 3)Microorganisms are injected into a healthy mouse 4)Disease is reproduced in the 2nd mouse and microoganisms are grown in pure culture and identical organism |
| What are the 5 periods of disease | incubation(no sign or symptoms) prodromal(fist mild symptoms appear) period of illness-(most severe signs & symptoms) period of decline-(symptoms subside most prone to SECONDARY INFECTIONS) covalenscence-(patient regains strengh and returns to health) |
| what is communicable | spread from person to person (contagious) |
| What is non communicable | not contagious. remains in infected person |
| what are 3 methods of control | isolation-quarantine-vester control |
| persistant bacterial infections | maintain infections in the host |
| what is the treatment for a persistant bacterial infection | antimicrobial therapy |
| give an example of a persistent bacterial infection | TB it "remodels" itself and precent formation of phagolysosomes |
| What is Heard immunity | an important concept in limiting the spread of infection |
| What is toxic shock | a massice leakage of plasma from the circulatory system |
| toxic shock is caused when | neutrophills (WBC) come in contact w/ bcteria cell wall proteins |
| what is sepsis | presence of pathogens or toxin in blood |
| what is severe sepsis | systemic inflammation & organ dysfuncion |
| what is acute sepsis | sudden onset & death w/in 24-48 hrs caues tissure inflammation and cell damage |
| What is emerging disease | those whose incidence has increased over the past 30 yrs |
| Re-emerging disease | coming back after being dormant for at least 100 yrs |
| What type of disease has become resistant to antibiotics | re-emerging diseases |
| what are the 4 transitions of emerging infectious diseases | 1)crowd transistion 2)Neighboring civilizations 3)worldwide 4)happening today |
| what are 2 hurdles bacteria must overcome in order to become and effective pathogen? | 1)must adapt in a way that it can replicate 2)must be able to configure itself so that it can be transmitted from human to human |
| what is the purpose of the bacterial cell wall | it is a protective barrier agians osmotic pressure changes and enviornmental stresses |
| Where can you find peptidoglycan | in gram pos and gram neg cell walls |
| what is peptidoglycan composed of | NAG- ( N-acetly glucosamine) NAM- (N-acetyl muramic acid) |
| what prevents the formation of peptidoglycan subunits | antibiotics(penicillin) |
| where are M proteins found | gram pos. cell |
| Where is mycolic acid found | gram pos. cell (found in the mycobacterium species) |
| Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids are found where? | gram pos. cell |
| What does the Teichoic do | causes colonization of the nasal epithelium |
| what does the Lipoteichoic do | acitvates the immune system and cause inflamatory response |
| Lipid A and O plysaccharies are found where | Gram neg. bacterial cell (outer layer) |
| Is lipid A endotoxin or exotoxin? | endotoxin |
| Porin is ____ ____ and responsible for _______ | gram negative / passage of molecules & ions into & outt of the gram- cell |
| Gram negative produces | endotoxins |
| Glycocalyx | primary factor of adherence whech is the primary part of infection |
| Fimbriae | only used for adherence, particularly in the urinary tract & intestinal tract |
| Pili | give bacteria motility and involve the development of biofilms |
| flagella | used only for motility |
| axial filaments | flafela like (corkscrew into tissue) found in spirochetes |
| Monotrichous | one flagellum located at the end of the cell |
| Amphitrichous | 2 flagella. one at ea. end of the cell |
| Lophotrichouse | 2 or more flagella located at the same end of the cell |
| Peritrichous | flagella surrounded the entire cell |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane | provides a barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell |
| The Nuclear region | is where DNA is located |
| Plasmids | are extra chromosomal, not necessary but easy to transfer. |
| What are reistant to antibiotics and toxins | plasmids |
| Ribosomes | involved in protein synthesis (translation) |
| what is a major target for antibiotics | Ribosomes |
| Inclusion bodies | membrane enclosed organelles used to store importand materials (nutrients) |
| where does chemiosmoses occure | the plasma membrane |
| osmosis | water chases the concentration of solutes |
| solute | high ouside cell (cell shrinks) high inside cell (cell bursts) |
| Hypotonic | excess salt inside cell |
| Hypertonic | excess water inside the cell |
| lysis is | hypotonic |
| plasmolysis is | hypertonic |
| isotonic | concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell |
| which one requires energy? Active or passive transport | active |
| there are 2 types of diffusion | simple and facilitated |
| permease | form tunnels. change 3D shape |
| there are 2 types of active transport | eflux pumping and group translocation |
| eflux pumping does what | pumps one thing in while pumping one thing out |
| group translocation does what | cahnges while pumping (adds on) ez H2O becomes H2O2 |
| why is the plasma membrane a good target for antibiotics | damage causes loss of integrity & destruction of the cell (lyses) |
| Why are Ribosomes ar good target for antibiotics | it is where protein synthesis occurs (translation) |
| where are spores made up | endospores |
| what are the 4 steps of sporulation | 1)replication 2)copy is surrounded by a septum 3)formation of the forespore 4) rest of the cell deteriorates and degrades |
| whats the process of Germination | after vegitative cell occurs subsides it eccepts water , sells, activates and begins to grow |
| Bacterial Growth increase in ____not_____ | numbers/size |
| Generation time is | the time between divisions (days,mins) |
| What are the physical requirements for bacterial growth? | temp, ph, osmotic pressure |
| Psychrophiles | grows at cold temps |
| phychrotrophs | (food) refrigerated temps |
| Mesophiles | grow at moderate temps |
| Thermophiles | grow at high temps |
| Hyperthermophiles | grow at extremely high temps |
| what is meant by minimum growth temp | lowest temp at which an organism grows |
| what is meant by maximun growth temp | highest at which an organism grows |
| what is meant by optimum growth temp | the temp at which the highest rate of growth occurs (varies between bacterial types) |
| Acidophiles grow in | extremly low ph |
| alkalophiles grow in | extremly high ph |
| Neutrophiles grow in | neutral ph |
| High and low ph effects what? | protein stucture. it changes shape and destroys function |
| the osmotic pressure is | the pressure exerted on the bacteria by their enviornment |
| hypertonic (plasmolysis) is it high or low concentration | high concentration |
| Hypotonic (lysis) is it high or low concentration | low |
| is halophil affected by osmotic pressure | no, it loves salt |
| the human body is a great incubator is provides | osmotic pressure, temp range, and ph range |
| what are some chemical reaquirements for growth | 1)carbon 2)nitrogen 3)sulfur 4) phosphorus |
| where is carbon found | everywhere |
| where it nitrogen found | nucleic acid |
| where is sulfur found | amino acids |
| where is phosphorus found | plasma membrane |
| Trace elements | the bacterial cell needs very samall amount |
| obligate aerobe | requires oxygen for growth |
| where would and obligate aerobe grow in a test tube | on top |
| obligate anaerobes | oxygen is toxic |
| where would obligate anaerobes grow in a test tube | bottom |
| faculatative anaerobes | will grow with or without oxygen |
| where would faculatative anaerobes grow in a test tube | throughout |
| thioglycolate medium forms what? | an oxygen gradient during growth |
| What is a GasPak? | an incubation container providing oxygen free enviornment |
| what is fastidious | requires lots of stuff to grow on |
| what is chemically defined media | exact chemical composition is know (recipe is followed exactly) detailed |
| what is complex media | chemical composition known exctly but all required bacteria are included (small recipe card) |
| what is selective media | contains ingredients that prohibit growth of some organisms whild allowing others |
| waht is differential media | differentiates between organisms ex color change |
| what kind of salt agar permits selective and differential media | mannitol salt agar |
| define Alpha hemolysis | incomplete hemolysis of RBC |
| define Beta hemolysis | complete destruction of RBC |
| Define Gamma hemolysis | no destruction of RBC |
| what are the 4 phases of bacterial growh | 1)statoiinary phase 2)Death phase 3)lag phase 4)Log phase |
| what phase...# of cells dividing is = to the # of cells dying | stationary |
| what phase has a continuous decline in the # oof dividing cells | Death |
| what phase has a bacteria that are adjustng and getting ready to start | lag |
| what phase has a # of bacteria that double and antibiotics are the most effective | Log |
| Two ways to measure bacterial growth | Direct and indirect |
| what is in vivo | inside a living body |
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