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BIO 9th
Biology CH 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the term used to descibe change over time? | evolution |
| The____ has some variations,which over time lead to variations in the traits seen in a population,and are called adaptations. | gene pool |
| What are the two types of evolutionary paths? | convergent & diverent evolution |
| What is speciation? | development of new species |
| What are the 3 main adaptations? | physiological,structual,& behavioral |
| What is a structual adaptation? | involes structure or anatomy |
| A tooth or beak shape/sticky tounge is an example of what kind of adaptation? | structual |
| What is a physiological adaptation? | assiociated with functions in organisms. the chemical makeup of an organism. helps a species survive natural selection. |
| What is an example of phsiological adaptation? | blood clotting/venom production |
| What is behavioral adaptations? | response to the environment |
| What are the methods of studying evolution history? | comparative anatomy,comparative embroyology, comparative biochmistry |
| What are homologous structures? | structures in different organisms that developed from common anscestors but became modified in different ways |
| What is a vestigial organ? | homologous structures that were used in anscestors but have become reduced in size & function in present organisms |
| What are analogous structures? | body parts of organisms that dont have common ansectory but are still similar in function |
| What is comparative biochemistry? | study of organisms on a bichemical level to see similarities and differences |
| What is comparative embryology | the study of developing organisms to show relationships not obvious in maature ones |
| What was the british ship that darwin worked on ? | HMS beagle |
| Where did the the HMS Beagle sail & what was it for? | sailed west and east coasts of south america &it was a survey ship making scientific voyages |
| What were the 3 observations in the galapogos islands that supported his belief that an organism could chnage and adapt to the changing environmental features on earth? | 1-found unique forms of life 2-similarities to some other known species didnt exist 3-said similar organisms were related to a common form |
| nature selecting organisms with desired traits and variety is called.. | selective breeding |
| What are the 6 steps in darwins theory of natural selection? | 1-nature has a tendency toward overpopulation 2-not all offspring survive 3-variations exists in populations 4-variations are inherited 5-individuals with suitable variations will survive than those not suitable 6-whole population will adapt over time |
| The genotypes of an ____ may remain constant but the genes change over time | individual |
| What is population genetics? | study of gene pool & how theyy change |
| adaptation | A change which make an organism better suited to a particular environment. |
| divergence | The accumulation of differences between groups. |
| speciation | The process by which isolated populations of the same species become new species. |
| divergence | The accumulation of differences between groups. |
| species | A group of organisms that look alike and are capable of producing fertile offspring. |
| evolution | A change in the genetic makeup of a population or species over time. |
| reproductive isolation | The inability of formerly interbreeding groups to mate or produce fertile offspring. |
| natural selection | The process by which organisms with traits well suited to the environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than other organisms. |
| Thomas Malthus | Population growth is limited by available resources. |
| fossil record | Provides evidence that older species gave rise to more-recent species. |
| variation | Natural selection will not take place unless there is variation within a population. |
| Charles Lyell | The Earth's surface has changed slowly over a very long period of time. |
| Charles Darwin | Developed the idea of natural selection by applying Malthus's ideas on human populations to the observations he made during the voyage of the Beagle. |
| ecological race | Members differ genetically from other members of their species because of adaptations for different living conditions. |
| The mechanism that drives evolution | Natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolution. |
| mutation, meiosis, sexual reproduction | The biological basis for variation. |
| homologous structures | Structures that share a common ancestry or are similar because they are modified versions of structures from a common ancestor are homologous. |
| vestigal structure | Structures with no function that are remnants of an organism’s evolutionary past are vestigal. |
| extinct | A species that has permanently disappeared. |
| DNA, amino acids, proteins | The biological molecules considered to be some of the strongest evidence for evolution. |
| population | All the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time. |
| convergent evolution | The process by which unrelated species become similar as they adapt to similar environments. |
| analogous traits | Similar features of organisms that evolved independently. |
| descent with modification | Darwin's idea of natural selection |
| geographic isolation | a river, canyon, or mountain is formed, the populations in the regions can often be spilt apart. |
| divergent evolution | one species evolves into two or more species with different characteristics. |
| genetic drift | rapid changes in the numbers and kinds of genes in a small, isolated population |
| polypoid organisms | organisms contain some multiple of the normal number of chromosomes. |
| adaptive radiation | the divergent evolution and adaptation of species to different roles in new habitats |
| convergent evolution | a process in which species that are not closely related evolve similar traits |
| hiding from predators | the rule of nature is to survive |
| gradualism | slow and steady change in a species |
| punctuated equilibrium | slow evolution punctuated by short events of rapid evolution |
| When did the story of evolution begin and where? | 8 million years ago in Africa. |
| When were the earliest form of fossils for humanlike apes? | 5 million years ago. |
| australopithecus | (southern ape) were first discovered in East Africa about 3.5 million years ago |
| homo sapiens | modern humans. 100,000 years ago. efficient hunters and creative artists. larger brain capacity and cared for the dead. used a complex religion. |
| homo habilis | about 1.8million years ago. used stone tools. |
| homo erectus | about 1 million years ago. learned to use fire. became extinct 300,000 years ago |
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