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Digestive Ch. 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Layers of the wall of the Alimentary Canal | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular layer, Serosa |
| Segmentation | Mixes contents in small intestine by contracting and relaxing smooth muscle |
| Peristalsis | A ring of contraction occurs in the wall moving the contents along. |
| Epiglottis | Covers the trachea |
| What cartlidge is in trachea? | Hylan |
| Lacteal | a lymphatic capillary associated with a villus of the small intestine. absorbs fat molecule. |
| Enzyme in mouth | Amylase-starch & glycogen to disaccharides |
| Enzyme in stomach | Pepsin-proteins |
| Cells in stomach | Chief->pepsin and Parietal->HCl & Intrinsic factor |
| Enzymes in pancreas | Amylase/Lipase->fats to glycerol/Tripsin & Chymotripsin->proteins to peptides/Carboxypeptidase->peptides to amino acids/Nucleases->nucleic acids into nucelotides |
| Enzymes in small intestine | Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase all ->disaccharides to monosaccharides |
| Gastrin | Hormone in stomach, promotes gastric juice secretion & increases gastric motility |
| Secretin | Hormone in duodenum, promotes secretion of pancreatic juices rich in bicarbonate |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Hormone in small intestine, promotes pancreatic juice, stimulates gallbladder to release bile, satiety feeling |
| Duodenum | Receives bile from liver and gallbladder, chyme from stomach & pancreatic enzymes. |
| Hepatic Portal Vein | From intestines to liver, allows amino acids, monosaccharides and glucose to liver. |
| Liver function | Secretion->proteins and bile/Storage/Detoxification of blood |
| Insulin | Hormone in pancreas that stimulates adipocytes to admit glucose and store fat. |
| Leptin | In adipocites suppresses appetite and increases metabolic rate after eating, acts on target cells in the hypothalamus. |
| Neuropeptide Y | Neurotransmitter in hypothalamus enhances appetite. |
| Ghrelin | Hormone in stomach enhances appetite by stimulating the release of Neuropeptide Y. |
| Water Soluble Vitamins | B & C (beach coast) |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins | All except B & C |
| Phases of Gastric Secretion | Cephalic, Gastric and Intestinal |
| Cephalic phase | Taste, smell, food in mouth, thoughts of food sends impulses to the medulla. Parasympathetic neurons via vagus nerve stimulate secretion of HCL, Pepsinogen & Gastrin in stomach. Gastrin travels thru bloodstream & stimulates gastric secretion. |
| Gastric phase | distention activates parasympathetic reflex via medulla, gatric glands release gastrin resulting in continued secretion of HCL & Pepsinogen. |
| Intestinal phase | Lipids and hydrogen ions inhibit gastric secretion by causing impulses to the medulla that decrease stimulation of gastric glands, reflexes inhibit gastric secretion, cause the release of secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide and CCK. |
| Glycolysis | In cytosol. Input=Glucose->2 Pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH. Anaerobic=fermentation, ethanol, lactase & lactic acid. Aerobic=Cellular respiration |
| Citric Acid Cycle | In mitochondria. Input=Acetyl CoA. Outputs=2ATP+6NADH+4CO2+2FADH2 |
| ETC | 32 ATP + H2O (Total = 36 ATP) |
| NAD & FAD | Hydrogen transporters and acceptors |
| Monosacharides (carbs) | Absorbed by facilitated diffusion and active transport. |
| Amino Acids (Proteins) | Absorbed by active transport. |
| Fatty Acids and Glycerol (lipids) | Absorbed by facilitated diffusion of glycerol and diffusion of fatty acids into cells |
| Glucogenesis | Formation of glucose from any product of glycolysis |
| Beta Oxidation | Chemical process that breaks fatty acids down into molecules of acetyl which bind coenzyme A, entering the citric acid cycle. |
| Deamination | A process in the liver that removes the nitrogen groups (NH2) from the amino acids. |
| Calcium | Mineral/Functions:teeth and bones, neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, blood coagulation |
| Sodium | Mineral/Functions:helps maintain osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids, regulates water movement, nerve impulse conduction, regulates pH and transport of substances across cell membranes. |
| Iron | Element/Function:part of hemoglobin molecule, catalyzes formation of vitamin A; incorporated into a number of enzymes. |
| Iodine | Element/Function:Essential component for synthesis of thyroid hormones |
| Anorexia | Self imposed starvation. Person develops low blood pressure, slowed or irregular heartbeat, constipation, hair becomes brittle, skin dries out and constant chilliness. |
| Bulimia | Normal weight person that eats anything in large amounts and then gets rid of extra calories by vomiting, taking laxatives or exercising frantically. |
| Gluconeogenesis | The liver may convert non carbs such as amino acids from proteins or glycerol from fats, into glucose. |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Glycogenesis | Synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose |
| Plasma proteins | Albumin, fibrinogen, angiotensinogen |
| Liver | metabolizes carbs, lipids and proteins/stores glycogen, Vit A,D & B12, Iron & blood. makes lipoproteins(LDL & HDL), & cholesterol. |
Created by:
nadiapr
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