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Biology Ch-4
Chapter 4 of
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are cells so small? | surface-area-to-volume ratio |
| What is the study of cells? | cytology |
| What are the three laws of cell theory? | 1.all organisms are composed of cells, 2.cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms, and 3.cells come only from preexisting cells because cells are self-reproducing. |
| The ratio between size of an image and its actual size | Magnification |
| The minimum distance between two objects that allows them to be seen as two separate objects | Resolution |
| A difference in the shading of an object compared to its background | Contrast |
| Cells that lack a membrane-bounded nucleus; are structurally less complicated;their metabolic capabilities as a group are extremely versatile;Group of organisms whose evolutionary history dates back to the first cells on Earth. | Prokaryotic cells |
| Cells that have a nucleus | Eukaryotic cells |
| Domains of prokaryotes | domain Bacteria and domain Archaea |
| A rod-shaped bacterium;occur as pairs or chains | bacillus |
| A spherical-shaped bacterium;occur as pairs or chains and clusters | coccus |
| Bacterium forming long rods are twisted into rigid spirals | spirilla |
| Bacterium forming long rods are twisted into flexible spirals | spirochetes |
| Internal pouches of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes | Mesosomes |
| Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that has the important function of regulating the entrance and exit of substances into and out of the cytoplasm | plasma membrane |
| This maintains the shape of the cell, even if the cytoplasm should happen to take up an abundance of water. | cell wall |
| A complex molecule containing a unique amino disaccharide and peptide fragments that make up the cell wall of bacteria | peptidoglycan |
| Gel-like coating outside the cell wall of a bacterium. If compact, it is called a capsule; if diffuse, it is called a slime layer. | glycocalyx |
| a semifluid solution composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane | cytoplasm |
| Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope. | nucleoid |
| Self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria. | plasmid |
| RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. | ribosome |
| bacteria that photosynthesize in the same manner as plants; blue-green bacteria | cyanobacteria |
| Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur | thylakoid |
| Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm. | flagellum |
| Small, bristlelike fiber on the surface of a bacterial cell, which attaches bacteria to a surface; also fingerlike extension from the oviduct near the ovary. | fimbria |
| In a bacterium, elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells. | conjugation pilus |
| Explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes. | endosymbiotic theory |
| Small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function. | organelle |
| Small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell. | vesicle |
| a lattice of protein fibers that maintains the shape of the cell and assists in the movement of organelles, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments | cytoskeleton |
| Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing. | chromatin |
| Semifluid medium of the nucleus containing chromatin. | nucleoplasm |
| Structure consisting of DNA complexed with proteins that transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organisms to the next generation. | chromosome |
| Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited—one from each parent. | gene |
| Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. | nucleolus |
| Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. | nuclear envelope |
| Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus. | nuclear pore |
| What are the three types of RNA produced in the nucleus? | ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| Small bodies in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. | Ribosomes |
| Acts as an intermediary for DNA, which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein. | Messenger RNA |
| Participates in the assembly of amino acids during protein synthesis | Transfer RNA |
| String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis. | polyribosome |
| Sequence of amino acids that binds with a SRP (signal recognition particle), causing a ribosome to bind to ER. | signal peptide |
| Cellular system that consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. | endomembrane system |
| System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes. | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes;has the capacity to produce proteins. | rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
| Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; lacks attached ribosomes;associated with the production of lipids. | smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum) |
| Organelle consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell. | Golgi apparatus |
| Release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland. | secretion |
| Membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules; have a very low pH; they destroy nonfunctional organelles and portions of cytoplasm. | lysosome |
| Enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products. | peroxisome |
| Peroxisomal enzyme that breaks down Hydrogen peroxide, a toxic molecule, to water and oxygen | catalase |
| Membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. In plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell. | vacuole |
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ap3240
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