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Immunology
immune system, antigens, antibodies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| complement system activated by microbial surfaces (pathways) | alternate and lectin |
| complement system activated by immune complexes | classical pathway |
| locally produced antibiotics | defensins and cathelicidins |
| random recombination of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes within lymphocytes and selection by antigen-dependent activation, proliferation, and differentiation of these cells to resolve/control infections | specific (acquired) immunity |
| Innate immunity time; adaptive immunity time | 0-12 hours; 1-14 days |
| Innate immunity constituents | NK cells, complement, phagocytes |
| Adaptive immunity constituents | B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antibodies, effector T cells |
| cell mediated immune response effected by | T lymphocytes |
| humoral immune response effected by | antibodies expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes and terminally differentiated B cells called plasma cells |
| humoral response pathway | B cells -> plasma cells -> antibodies |
| B cell maturation site | bone marrow and fetal liver |
| Lymphoid cells | T, B, NK, Plasma |
| Granulocytes | Neutrophil (PMN), Eosin, Baso |
| Tissue Residents, Myeloid Cells | Macrophage, Dendritic cells |
| The only cells that possess antigen-BINDING surface molecules | T and B |
| Macrophages and dendritic cells function | phagocytic, APCs |
| multilobed nucleus, small granules, band form (immature) | Neutrophils |
| Neutrophils surface markers | IgG, IgM, C3b |
| bilobed nucleus, numerous granules with core of major basic protein | Eosinophils |
| IgE receptors as surface markers | Eosinophils, Basophils |
| irregular nucleus, relatively few large granules | basophils (mast cells) |
| nonspecifically phagocytose bacteria, mediate ADCC of Ab-coated bacteria | neutrophils |
| involved in allergic reactions, mediate ADCC of parasites | eosinophils |
| release histamin and other mediators of allergic and anaphylactic responses | basophils (mast cells) |
| large, granular mononuclear phagocytes | macrophages |
| macrophage surface markers | Class II MHC, IgG, IgM, C', toll-like |
| secret cytokines that promote acute phase and T cells response | macrophages |
| granular, mononuclear, phagocytes with long processes, found in skin, lymph nodes, spleen | dendritic cells |
| dendritic cells surface markers | high levels of class II MHC, B7 coreceptors, toll-like |
| required to initiate T cells response | dendritic cells |
| lymphocytes | B, plasma, Th, Tc, Memory B/T, NK |
| Plasma cell surface markers | none |
| B cell surface markers | Class II MHC, C3d receptor (CR2 or CD21) |
| Th surface markers | CD4 TCR complex (class II MHC), CD2, CD3, CD5 |
| Tc surface markers | CD8 TCR complex (class I MHC),CD2, CD3, CD5 |
| Mem B/T surface markers | CD45RO |
| NK surface markers | IgG, KIRs, CD16 |
| process and present antigen to class II MHC-restricted T cells | B cells |
| synthesize and secrete antibodies | plasma cells |
| recognize antigen associated with class II MHC molecules, generate memory Th cells and cytokine-secreting effector cells | Th cells |
| Recognize antigen associated with class 1 MHC molecules, generate memory Tc cells and effector cells (CTLs) that destroy virus-infected, tumor, and foreign graft cells | Tc cells |
| kill virus-infected and tumor cells by perforin or Fas-mediated, MHC-independent mechanism; kill ab-coated cells by ADCC | NK cells |
| neutralization of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation | B cell |
| activation of macrophages, inflammation, activation of T and B cells | Th cell |
| Regulatory T cell | suppression of immune response |
| first cells to arrive at site, short life span, rapid turnover (apoptosis) | neutrophils |
| allergic reactions, destroy intestinal worms, weakly phagocytic | eosinophils |
| monocytes are released from the bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and enter tissues where they mature into ___ | dendritic cells and macrophages |
| Presents antigen to both CD4 Th and CD8 Tc cells, secrete cytokines that direct the nature of the T cell response | Dendritic cells |
| secrete numerous cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and complement; present antigen associated with class II MHC molecules to CD4 Th cells | macrophages |
| perforin-mediated lysis by NK cells is ___ ___ and not ____ ____, whereas Tc cells only attack cells bearing specific antigenic peptides bound to a class I MHC molecule | antigen dependent; MHC restricted |
| ADCC | Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity |
| Binding of __ receptors on __ cells to ____ ____ target cells initiates kills | Fc, NK, antibody-coated |
| Exhibit ADCC | neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages |
| ___ killing is turned off by MHC, and ___ cells are targeted to MHC | NK, Cyt T |
| reduced expression of Class I MHC molecules may attribute specificity of NK cells for | virus-infected and tumor cells |
| Bacterial destruction (neutrophils vs. macrophages) | very effective, less effective unless activated |
| oxidative burst (neutrophils vs. macrophages) | yes, only when activated |
| antigen presentation on class II MHC molecules (neutrophils vs. macrophages) | no, yes |
| cytokine secretion (neutrophils vs. macrophages) | no, yes |
| Macrophages secrete these cytokines | IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-a, etc |
| ADCC (neutrophils vs. macrophages) | both |
| life span (neutrophils vs. macrophages) | short, long |
| the ____ depends on: antigen-specific lymphocytes, APCs required for lymphocyte activation, effector cells that eliminate antigens | adaptive immune response aka (acquired immunity, humoral/cell mediated, specific immunity) |
| specific immunity may be acquired by ___ or ___ | infection, immunization |
| concentrate antigens that are introduced through the common portals of entry (skin, GI, and resp tracts) | peripheral lymphoid organs (specialized tissues) |
| first steps in adaptive immune responses | capture of antigen and its transport to lymphoid organs |
| where lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens are initiated and developed | peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs |
| where lymphocytes first express antigen receptors and attain phenotypic and functional maturity | generative/primary lymphoid organs |
| cells responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immune responses | B and T cells |
| the defining characteristics of the adaptive immune response | specificity and memory |
| mature lymphocytes that have not been stimulated by antigen | naive B and T cells |
| antibody secreting plasma cells | effector B cells |
| cytokine-secreting CD4+ Th cells and CD8+ CTLs | effector T cells |
| After naive lymphocytes are activated, they become larger and proliferate, and are called | lymphoblasts |
| Th cells, CTLs, and antibody-secreting B cells are known as | effector lymphocytes |
| primary (generative) lymphoid organs; secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs | bone marrow, thymus; lymph node, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues |
| Mature B cell vs. mature T cell circulation | blood, secondary, recirc; blood, lymph, secondary, recirc |
| major type of APC involved in initiating T cell response | Dendritic cell |
| B lymphocytes function as ___ for Th cells during ____ and ____ responses | APCs, humoral, immune |
| __ phagocytes function as APCs in T cell mediated adaptive immune responses | mononuclear |
| primary mediators of humoral immunity against all classes of microbes | antibodies |
| 2 forms of antibodies | membrane bound on the surface of B cells that function as receptors for antigen, secreted antibodies |
| secreted and membrane-associated antibodies differ in the | amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal end of the heavy chain C region |
| mucosal immunity Ig | IgA |
| naive B cell antigen receptor Ig | IgD |
| defense against helminthic parasites, immediate hypersensitivity Ig | IgE |
| opsonization, complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, neonatal immunity, feedback inhibition of B cells Ig | IgG |
| naive B cell antigen receptor, complement activation Ig | IgM |
| nature of antigen that may be bound to Igs | macromolecules (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides), and small chemicals |
| nature of antigen that may be bound to T cell receptor | peptide-MHC complexes |
| nature of antigen that may be bound to MHC molecules | peptides |
| Antibodies are found on the surface of ___, ___, and ___ | mononuclear phagocytes, NK cells, and mast cells |
| secreted forms of antibodies accumulate in ___, ___, and ___ | plasma, mucosal secretions, and interstitial fluid of tissues |
| antibodies found in the third fastest migrating group of globulins | gamma globulins |
| ability of ANTIBODIES to specifically bind a large number of different antigens | antibody diversity |
| ability of antibodies to neutralize toxins and infectious microbes, dependent on tight binding of the antibodies | affinity maturation |
| ___ functions of Igs are mediated by the ___ of the molecules and antibody isotypes that differ in these regions perform distinct functions | effector, Fc portions |
| effector functions of antibodies are initiated only by antibodies that have ___ antigens and not by ___ Ig | bound, free |
| the ______ regions of antibodies determine the tissue distribution of antibody molecules | heavy chain C |
| molecules that stimulate immune responses | immunogens |
| B cell activation requires either the ___ of multiple antigen receptors or ____ ____ to elicit T cell help | cross-linking, protein antigens |
| small chemical __ attached to a protein __ to act as an immunogen | hapten, carrier |
| multivalent hapten | several hapten molecules attached to a single molecule of polysaccharide |
| portion of the "large" macromolecule that antibody binds to | determinant or epitope |
| the presence of multiple identical determinants in an antigen | polyvalency/multivalency |
| most ___ proteins do not contain multiple identical epitopes and are not polyvalent unless they are in ___ | globular, aggregates |
| polyvalent antigens | polysaccharides and nucleic acids |
| cell surfaces, including microbes, often display ___ arrays of protein or carbohydrate antigenic determinants | polyvalent |
| ____ ____ can induce ____ of the B cell receptor and thus initiate the process of B cell activation | polyvalent antigens, clustering |
| recognition of antigen by antibody involves ____, ____ binding | noncovalent, reversible |
| CD8 T cell: contact, altered other cell | virus-infected cell, dead virus-infected cell |
| CD4 T cell: contact, altered other cell | macrophage, activated macrophage + cytokines |
| CD4 T cell + B cell altered cell | plasma cell + antibodies |
| defense against INTRACELLULAR microbes, activation of other cells such as macrophages and B cells *all functions require contact with other cells* | T lymphocytes |
| antigen recognition of B cells vs. T cells | T cells can only recognize antigens that are displayed on other cells. B cells and their secreted products and antibodies can recognize soluble antigens as well as cell associated antigens |
| specialized proteins that are encoded by genes in a locus that display cell-associated antigens for recognition by T cells | MHC (major histocompatibility complex) |
| most commonly endogenously synthesized antigens | cytosolic |
| Class _ MHC molecules present peptides to CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) | I |
| Class _ MHC molecules present peptides to CD4+ helper T cells | II |
| Human MHC molecules are called | Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) |
| control immune responsiveness to protein antigens | MHC genes |
| maximizes the number of MHC molecules available to bind peptides for presentation to T cells | codominantly expressed polymorphic genes, individuals express the alleles that are inherited from each of the two parents |
| peptide production in phagolysosome -> peptide binding by MHC -> MHC presents peptide at cell surface. Class? | II. CD4+ T cell |
| antigen processing to peptides in proteasome, peptide transport into ER, peptide binding by MHC, MHC presents peptide at cell surface | I. CD8+ CTL |
| Th cell recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class _ and activates macrophage | II |
| cell-surface Ig of B cell binds bacteria, cell engulfs and degrades them to peptides, peptides bound by MHC Class _ to the surface, __ recognizes comples of peptide antigen with MHC Class _ and _ B cell | II, Th cell, II, activates |
| production of IFN-gamma -> ? -> enhanced antigen presentation -> enhanced T cell response | cytokine-mediated class II expression on APCs |
| __ T cells activate macrophages to destroy phagocytosed microbes | CD4+ |
| Cells that display MHC-associated peptides | APCs |
| Most _ cells recognize only peptides; _ cells can recognize peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, and small chemicals | T; B |
| _ cells are specific for amino acid sequences of peptides; _ cells recognize conformational determinants of antigens including tertiary proteins | T; B |
| T cells from any 1 individual recognize foreign peptide antigens only when these peptides are bound to and displayed by the MHC molecules of that individual. This feature is known as | Self MHC restriction |
| dendritic cell + CD28 + naive T cell -> | clonal expansion and differentiation into effector T cells (naive T cell activation) |
| macrophage + effector T cell -> | activation of macrophages (effector T cell activation: cell-mediated immunity) |
| B cell + Effector T cell -> | B cell activation and antibody production (effector T cell activation: humoral immunity) |
| structure that captures antigen from epithelium and connective tissue | lymph node |
| this organ's APCs capture blood-borne antigens | spleen |
| passive immunity bypasses __ and __ cells so there are no memory cells | dendritic; CD4 T |
| Regulatory T cells | CD4+, CD28+ |
| myeloid and lymphoid cells are | stem cells |
| mother can only transfer this Ig | IgG |
| most viral proteins are synthesized here | cytoplasm |
| cytokine that is a central mediator of toxic shock syndrome | TNF-a |
| CD25 is the receptor for this interleukin | IL-2 |
| a high level of these cells in the bone marrow is most likely indicative of neoplastic T cells (leukemia) because it is normally expressed after pro T cells migrate to thymus | CD3+ |
| anti _ controls inflammation | CD28 |
| "brake" | TH2 |
| adhesion molecules required for conjugate formation | LFA-1 |
| "death signal" | Fas |
| a recurrent sinus infection is caused by | lack of adhesion molecule expression on T cell |
| indicates that there are no infections with viruses or fungi | normal CD4 T cells |
| the higher the Ig_ level, the higher the change of getting allergy compared to others | IgG |
| central role of IgG switching | IL-4 |
| 1st antibody to appear in serum upon introduction to antigen | IgM |
| Once IgG kicks in, IgM ___ | decreases |
| angioedema almost anywhere in the body may occur due to | complement system problems |
| recurrent infections could be due to a deficiency in this compliment component/receptor | C2 |
| form "drill" to lyse cell | C8, C7, C6, C5b |
| "punches," pokes holes in the target cell | properdin |
| proteins secreted by the cells of innate AND adaptive immunity that mediate functions of these cells | cytokines |
| stimulate the development of hematopoietic cells | cytokines |
| growth/differentiation of lymphocytes, activation of effector cells | cytokines |
| 1 cytokine having multiple effects on diverse cell types | pleiotropism |
| low concentrations: acts on leukocytes and endothelium to induce acute inflammation; moderate concentrations: mediates systemic effects of inflammation; high concentrations: septic shock | TNF |
| produced by macrophages and dendritic cells that respond to microbes or T cell signals such as CD40; acts on T cells and NK cells to stimulate IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic activity | IL-12 |
| produced by virus-infected cells in response to sensors of viral RNA, bind to receptors on neighboring uninfected cells, activate Jak-STAT pathways which induce expression of genes whose produces interfere with viral replication | Type 1 IFNs |
| bind to receptors on infected cells and induce expression of genes whose products enhance the cell's susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing | Type I IFNs |
| activates phagocytes and APCs; induces B cell switching to some Ig isotypes distinct from the isotypes induced by IL-4 | IFN-gamma |
| In __ immunity, cytokines produced by macrophages and NK cells mediate early inflammatory reactions to promote elimination of microbes | innate |
| in __ immunity, cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes and activate specialized effector cells, such as macrophages | adaptive |
| stimulates B cell isotype switching to some Ig classes, notably IgE and differentiation of naive T cells to Th2; also inhibits TH1 differentiation | IL-4 |
| stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of T, B, and NK cells | IL-2 |
| effector function of T cells as the defense mechanisms against microbes that survive and replicate within phagocytes and nonphagocytic cells | cell-mediated immunity |
| can be adoptively transferred by VIABLE T cells | cell-mediated immunity |
| humoral immunity neutralizes and eliminates __ microbes and toxins that are accesible to antibodies, but is not effective against __ microbes | extracellular; intracellular |
| recognize protein antigens of intracellular microbes that are displayed on the surfaces of infected cells as peptides bound to self MHC molecules | T cells |
| the adaptive immune response to microbes residing within the phagosomes of phagocytes is mediated by CD4+ T cells called ___, that recognize microbial antigens and activate the phagocytes to destroy the ingested microbes | TH1 cells |
| the adaptive immune response to microbes that infect and replicate in the cytoplasm of various cell types, including nonphagocytic cells is mediated by _____ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, which kill infected cells | CD8+ |
| CD4+ TH1 cells recognize class __ and CD8+ T cells recognize class __ antigens of phagocytosed microbes and produce ..? | II, I, cytokines that activate the phagocytes to kill the microbes and stimulate inflammation |
| CD8+ CTLs recognize class I MHC antigens of microbes residing in the cytoplasm of infected cells and..? | kill the cells |
| cytokine that causes IgE production and TH2 differentiation | IL-4 |
| cytokines that cause B cell proliferation | IL-2, IL-4 |
| cytokines that cause increased expression of class I MHC-molecules on many cell types | IFN-gamma, TNF |
| cytokine that causes macrophage activation | IFN-gamma |
| cytokine that inhibites macrophage activation | IL-10 |
| cytokines produced in the __ innate immune response to microbes or early in ___ immune response influence the differentiation of naive ___ T cells into ___ or ___ cells | CD4+, TH1, TH2 |
| IL__, made by activated macrophages and dendritic cells, induces TH1 cell development through a ____ dependent pathway | 12, STAT4 |
| IL__, which may be produced mainly by T cell themselves, favors induction of TH2 cells through a ___ dependent pathway | 4, STAT6 |
| Transcription factor produced in response to IFN-gamma that is essential for TH1 responses | T-bet |
| Factor that is critical for TH2 differentiation | GATA-3 |
| APCs secrete IL__ in response to microbial products such as LPS | 12 |
| Produced by NK cells and T cells and CD40 engagement by T cell CD40L | IFN-gamma |
| stimulates the differentiation of CD4+ helper T cells to TH1 effectors, which produce ____, then activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes (and to secrete more IL-12) | 12, IFN-gamma |
| CD4+ T cells that differentiate into TH1 cells secrete these 4 substances | IFN-gamma, lymphotoxin, TNF, and IL-2 |
| acts on B lymphocytes to stimulate production of IgG antibodies that opsonize microbes for phagocytosis | IFN-gamma |
| ___ and ___ activate neutrophils and stimulate inflammation | LT (lymphotoxin) and TNF |
| the autocrine growth factor made by the subset of T cells (LT and TNF) | IL-2 |
| previously activated effector and memory __ cells, but not ___ cells, migrate through endothelium that is activated by cytokines (i.e. TNF) produced at a site of infection | T; naive |
| In extravascular tissue, the T cells that specifically recognize antigen are activated and retained, while T cells that do not encounter the antigen for which they are specific ...? | return to the circulation, largely through lymphatic vessels |
| In cell-mediated immunity, macrophages are activated by ___ interactions and by ___ | CD40L-CD40; IFN-gamma |
| kill microbes, stimulate inflammation, secretion of cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-12), enhance the APC capacity of the cells (during cell-mediated AND innate immunity) | macrophages activated by CD40L-CD40 interactions and by IFN-gamma |
| TNF, IL-1 cause ___; IL-12 causes | leukocyte recruitment (inflammation); TH1 differentiation, IFN-gamma production |
| macrophage induced increased expression of B7 costimulators, MHC molecules causes | increased T cell activation (amplification) |
| CD4+ T cells that differentiate into TH2 cells secrete IL___ and IL___ | IL-4 AND IL-5 |
| IL-4 acts on B cells to stimulate production of antibodies that bind to ____ cells, such as Ig___ | mast, IgE |
| IL-4 is an autocrine growth and differentiation cytokine for ___ cells | TH2 |
| IL-5 activates ____, a response that is important for defense against helminthic infections | eosinophils |
| cytokines from TH2 cells inhibit ____ ____ and ___-mediated reactions | macrophage activation; TH1 |
| Formation of conjugates between a CTL and its target and activation of the CTL require interaction between accessory molecules ___ and ____ on the CTL and their specific ligands on the target cell | LFA-1, CD8 |
| Steps of CTL-mediate lysis | antigen recognition and conjugate formation, CTL activation, granule exocytosis, detachment of CTL, target cell death |
| ____ and ____ complexes are released from the CTL by granule exocytosis and enter target cells. The ___ are delivered into the cytoplasm of the target cells by a perforin-dependent mechanism that induce apoptosis (mech 1) | perforin and granzymes; granzymes |
| ____ is expressed on activated CTLs, engages ___ on the surface of target cells, and induces apoptosis (mech 2) | FasL; Fas |
| function is the neutralization and elimination of infectious microbes and microbial toxins | antibodies |
| antibodies are produced by B and plasma cells in the lymphoid organs and bone marrow, but perform their effector functions at ..? | sites distant from their production |
| the antibodies that mediate ____ immunity may be derived from ___lived or ___lived antibody-producing plasma cells following the activation of naive or memory B cells | protective; short; long |
| different Ig ___ chain isotypes serve distinct effector antibody functions | heavy |
| all effector functions of antibodies are mediated by the binding of antigens to the ____ ____ | variable regions |
| antibody isotope of functions: activation of the classical pathway of complement, opsonization of antigens for phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediated by NKs, feedback inhib of B cell activation, neonatal immunity | IgG |
| antibody isotope that activates the classical pathway of complement, antigen receptor of naive B cells | IgM |
| antibody isotope responsible for mucosal immunity, activation of complement by the lectin/alt. pathway | IgA |
| antibody isotope that is responsible for mast cell degranulation | IgE |
| Antigen receptor of Naive B cells | IgD |
| type of immunity that combats extracellular bacteria, fungi, and even obligate intracellular microbes such as viruses (targets before they infect cells or after they are released from infected cells) | humoral immunity |
| the most effective vaccines induce protection by | stimulating the production of antibodies |
| prevent the binding of microbes to cells, inhibit the spread of microbes from an infected cell to an adjacent uninfected cell, block the binding of toxins to cells | antibodies |
| recognized by Fc receptors on phagocytes (in antibody mediated opsonization and phagocytosis) | antibodies of certain IgG subclasses bound to microbes |
| signals from the ___ ___ promote the phagocytosis of the opsonized microbes and activate the phagocytes to destroy these microbes (in antibody mediated opsonization and phagocytosis) | Fc receptors |
| antibodies of certain IgG subclasses bind to infected cells and the Fc regions of the bound antibodies are recognized by ____ (in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity) | an Fc gamma, a receptor on NK cells |
| ___ cells are activated and kill the antibody-coated cells (in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity) | NK |
| __ cells can lyse Class__ MHC expressing targets when these target cells are opsonized because the ___ receptor-mediated stimulation may overcome the inhibitory action of Class_ MHC-recognizing __ cell inhibitory receptors | NK, I, Fc, I, NK |
| heat-labile plasma proteins that assists the lytic function of antibodies, they are activated only under particular conditions | complement |
| the complement system consists of ___ and ___ proteins that interact with one another and with other molecules of the immune system to generate products that eliminate microbes | serum, cell surface |
| proteins that acquire proteolytic enzymatic activity by the action of other proteases | zymogens |
| sequential zymogen activation (defining characteristic of proteolytic enzyme cascade) is seen in ___ and ___ systems | coagulation; kinin |
| allow tremendous amplification because each enzyme molecule activated at 1 step can generate multiple activated enzyme molecules at the next step | proteolytic cascades |
| in the fluid phase, complement proteins are ___ or ____ active and become stably activated after attaching to ____ or ____ | inactive, transiently, microbes, antibodies |
| ensures that the full activation of the complement system is limited to microbial cell surfaces or sites of antibodies bound to antigens and do not occur in the blood | covalent binding of the products of complement proteins to mcirobes/antibodies/tissues in which the complement is actiavted |
| an adaptation of normal cells that minimize complement-mediated damage to host cells | regulatory proteins (present on normal host cells, absent from microbes which allows complement activation to occur on microbial surfaces) |
| cell-bound ___ is an opsonin that promotes phagocytosis of coated cells (tags bacterium for destruction) | C3b |
| the proteolytic products ___, ___, and ___ stimulate leukocyte recruitment and inflammation | C5a, C3a, C4a |
| C3a | recruits phagocytes |
| complement pathway in which pathogen surface creates local environment conducive to compliment activation | alternative pathway |
| complement pathway that is the first to act | alternative pathway |
| complement pathway that is the second to act | lectin pathway |
| complement pathway in which C-reactive protein or antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface | classical pathway |
| complement pathway that is the third to act | classical pathway |
| process: cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b, C3b covalently bound to surface components of pathogen | compliment activation |
| recruitment of inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens for phagocytosis, and perforation of pathogen cell membranes describes what process? | results of complement activation |
| complement activation leads to deposition of __ on the bacterial cell surface -> __ on macrophage binds to it -> ___ of the bacterium by macrophage, macrophage membranes fuse to form ___ -> lysosomes fuse with it to form the ___ | C3b, CR1, endocytosis, phagosome, phagolysosome |
| on the cells of pathogens, complement components C_ to C_ assemble a complex that perforates the cell membrane | C5-C9 |
| on human cells, CD59 binds to the C5b678 complex and prevents recruitment of __ to form the pore | C9 |
| act on blood vessels to increase vascular permeability | anaphylatoxins |
| when B cell maturation stage is "antibody secreting," what is the condition of its Ig? | high, reduced membrane IgM |
| when B cell maturation stage is "stem," Ig = ? | 0 |
| when B cell maturation stage is "pre-B," Ig = ? | heavy chain and receptor |
| when B cell maturation stage is "immature," Ig = ? | membrane IgM |
| when B cell is mature, what Igs does it display? | membrane IgM and IgD |
| when B cell maturation stage is "activated," what are the characteristics of its Ig? | low Ig secretion, heavy chain isotype switching, affinity maturation |
Created by:
sreeja
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