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Biological Energy

ATP and the energy of our bodies at cellular levels

QuestionAnswer
What is the 'energy currency' of cells? ATP or Adenosine triphosphate
The fact that energy tends to become distributed evenly is known as what? Entropy.
What organisms use the energy of sunlight to create low-entropy conditions? Phototrophs, organisms that harvest the sunlight.
The ATP molecule contains three parts. One sugar, one base, and three other important groups. What are they? The sugar RIBOSE, the nitrogenous base ADENINE, and three PHOSPHATE groups.
Where is the energy of ATP stored? In the phosphate groups.
The structure of ATP is important to the function of universal cell 'battery' that ATP plays. Why? The three phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel one another. It takes energy to overcome their repulsion, and thus these phosphate groups make the molecule unstable, leading to what is called the ATP cycle.
Why does ATP easily lose its last phosphate group? Because the breakdown products, ADP and a phosphate group, are stable; whereas the molecule of ATP is not.
ADP can also lose a phosphate group and become what? AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
ATP releases energy quickly, which facilitates what? The speed of enzymatic reactions.
When ATP becomes ADP + Phosphate, the amount of energy released is usually just enough for what? A biological purpose.
Breaking down an entire carbohydrate or fat molecule would be wasteful since it would what? Release much more energy than is needful.
The structure of ATP allows its breakdown to be easily coupled to a what? Energy-requiring reaction.
When ATP is used as an energy source, a phosphate group is removed by what? Hydrolysis.
ATP is regenerated in the __________ as cellular respiration occurs. Mitochondria
Describe the ATP cycle? ATP -> Energy for cellular work (e.g. protein synthesis, muscle contraction) -> ADP + Phosphate -> energy released during cellular respiration -> ATP
A coupled reaction is? When a reaction that requires energy (e.g. building a protein) occurs in the vicinity of a reaction that gives up energy (e.g. ATP breakdown) in such a way that the energy-releasing reaction can drive the energy-requiring reaction.
How does ATP function in coupled reactions? ATP can donate a phosphate to energize a compound for a reaction, alternatively it causes a molecule to change its shape.
Muscle contraction occures only when it is coupled to ATP breakdown. How does this work? Myosin combines with ATP prior to its breakdown. Release of ADP + Phosphate causes myosin to change position and pull on an actin filament.
The chloroplasts in plants convert what two things into carbohydrates? water and carbondioxide
What happens during cellular respiration? Mitochondria complete the breakdown of carbohydrates and use the released energy to build ATP molecules.
Cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces what two things? carbon dioxide and water
Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water. Why does this allow a flow of energy from the sun through all living things.? Chloroplasts can then take up that carbon dioxide and water, so that there is a cycle.
This flow of energy maintains the levels of biological organization from molecules to organisms to ecosystems. What is it? solar energy -> chloroplast = chemical energy -> mitochondrion = ATP -> cellular respiration = CO2 + H2O ATP-> chemical, transport, mechanical work CO2 + H2O -> chloroplast
Eventually the solar energy captured by plants is lost as... heat
Oxygen and nutrient molecules enter our mitochondria, which produce ____ and release _____ and ______ ATP and release carbon dioxide and water
What is a metabolic pathway? A series of linked reactions which begin with a particular reactant and terminate with an end product.
What does an enzyme do? It brings together particular molecules, and causes them to react with each other.
The molecules acted on by an enzyme are called its what? Substrates
An enzyme converts substrates into what? Products.
In most instances, only one small part of the enzyme called the ______ _____ accommodates the substrate(s). Active site
Why do most enzymes only work one one substrate? Because in most instances, at the active site, the enzyme fits into an enzyme like a key to a lock.
What may undergo slight changes to accomodate substrates? The active site
When an enzyme is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimal fit, it is called what? induced fit model
After the reaction is completed, the product is released, and the active site... returns to its original shape
How come only a very small amount of each enzyme is actually needed in a cell? Enzymes are not used up by reactions.
When does Enzyme Inhibition occur? When an active enzyme is prevented from combining with its substrate.
Penicillin is a poison for bacteria, and not humans, because it does what? blocks the active site of an enzyme unique to bacteria (enzyme inhibition)
Cyanide is a poison to humans because it does...what? inhibits an enzyme vital in making ATP. (enzyme inhibition)
The activity of almost every enzyme in a cell is regulated by what? feedback inhibition.
When a product is in abundance, it competes with the substrate for the enzyme's active site. As the product is used up, inhibition is reduced, and more product can by produced. What is this called? Feedback inhibition.
The energy needed to cause molecules to react with one another is called what? The energy of activation. (E^a)
Ultimately, what are enzymes doing for processes? lowering the required energy of activation.
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient
Bulk transport requires energy, but is independent of concentration gradients. Why? The large substances being moved are independent of concentration gradients.
In simple diffusion, molecules move down their concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion ocurres when and ion or a molecule diffuses across the membrane faster than expected.
Water, a polar molecule, moves across the membrane through channels called... auquaporins(channel proteins.)
Glucose and amino acids are assisted across the membrane by proteins that... undergo a change in shape as they pass through. (carrier proteins).
Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into what? The chemical energy of a carbohydrate.
Created by: Lestrade
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