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Pharmacology Exam #1
ARCC Cambridge Nursing 1st semester Spring 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What act called for science and evidence based medicine? | Flexner Report of 1910 |
| What act set minimal standards for strength and purity? | Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 |
| What act based on the incidence with Sulfa said drugs needed to be proven safe? | Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 |
| What act made it only possible to obtain drugs with a prescription from a doctor? | Durham/Humphrey Amendment of 1951 |
| What Act demands drugs be proven not only safe but effective? | Harris/Kefauver Amendment of 1962 |
| What Act founded to DEA to regulate drugs with potential for abuse? | Controlled Substances Act of 1970 |
| What Act set the standards for bioequivalence/Generic equivalents? | Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 |
| What Act allows a drug to be released to potentially terminal patients without finishing all the steps of drug trials including sharing off-label drug use info? | FDA Modernization Act of 1997 |
| What Act regulates what a drug company "Claims" a drug can do when advertising their product? | FDA Amendments Act of 2007 |
| How long is a patent held for? | 17 years |
| How long does it take to complete drug trials? | 12 years |
| Drug trials are lacking the most information on what age group? | ± 85 years |
| Which drug trail produces the most reliable information? | Double blinded |
| Which drug trial uses a control group that does not know they are taking a "sugar pill" instead of the actual drug? | Placebo Controlled |
| Pre-Clinical Testing is done on? | Animals |
| Phase 1 testing is with? | Healthy Volunteers |
| Phase 3 Testing is with? | Volunteers with Targeted Disease |
| Phase 4 Testing is with? | Consumers (post marketing) |
| Phase 2 Testing is with? | Volunteers with Targeted Disease |
| Any Chemical that can affect living processes or an herb intended to prevent, alleviate, mitigate, or cure a mental or physical condition or alter the structure or function of the body is? | A Drug |
| A Plant of part of a plant that is valued for its medicinal, savory, or aromatic properties is? | An Herb |
| What exempts vitamins, minerals, and botanical products from FDA regulation? | The Dietary Supplement, Health, and Education Act of 1994 |
| What the body does to a drug is called... | Pharmacokenetics |
| Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and _______ are all part of Pharmacokinetics. | Elimination |
| What a drug does to the body is called... | Pharmacodynamics |
| The ideal use of a drug to diagnose, prevent, or treat diseases or to prevent pregnancy would be considered the ______ effect. | Therapeutic |
| Med errors in prescription or administration, patient compliance, physiology, pathology, age, gender, race, genetics, drug interactions, etc...that effect the affect a drug has on a patient are called... | Variables |
| The most important property of a drug is it's... | Effectiveness |
| No drug can be considered... | Safe |
| The percent of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation chemically intact (unaltered) is it's... | bioavailability |
| ________ measures hepatotoxicity. | AST |
| _______ measures kidney function. | BUN and Creatine. |
| What route of drug administration allows 100% bioavailability? | IV |
| Which route of drug administration allows the use of dept preparations (drug absorbed over an extended period of time)? | IM |
| The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood is? | Absorption |
| What determines the speed of response of a drug? | Rate of absorption |
| What determines the intensity of a drug? | Amount of absorption |
| What reduces absorption? | PGP |
| Acidic drugs will _______ on the alkaline side of a pH gradient and ______ on the acidic side. | accumulate, dissolve |
| Basic drugs will _____ on the alkaline the side of a pH gradient and ________ on the acidic side. | dissolve, accumulate |
| ____ ionize in acidic environments. | Alkalines |
| ____ ionize in Alkaline environments | Acids |
| Blood flow to the tissues, ability of a drug to exit the vascular system, and ability of a drug to enter a cell determines: | Distribution |
| The ability of a drug to fall into solution, surface area available, blood flow at site of action, lipid solubility, and pH partitioning determines: | Absorption |
| The enzymatic alteration of drug structure is... | Metabolism |
| Metabolism mostly takes place in the... | liver (p450 system) |
| The inactivation of a drug on it's primary circulation through the liver is called... | the First-pass effect |
| The removal of drugs from the body is called... | Excretion |
| When the drug will start to work, the intensity of response, and how long it will last is all part of the... | Time course of a drug reaction. |
| The plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur is... | Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) |
| The plasma level at which deadly levels of the drug occur is... | Toxic Concentration |
| The plasma drug level between MEC and toxic concentration where the ideal effects of the drug can happen is called... | Therapeutic range |
| A ratio of the dose of a drug that is lethal (LD) and the dose that is effective (ED) in 50% of the population is... | Therapeutic Index |
| The time required for bioavailability in the body to decrease 50% is called... | A Half life |
| A constant level reached through accumulation of a drug (repeated dosing) until the amount administered equals the amount eliminated is called... | Plateau |
| PLateau will be reached in approximately... | 4 Half lives |
| An initial large dose to reach plateau is called... | Loading Dose |
| Between doses, the highest level of a drug in the body is called... | Peak concentration |
| Between doses, the lowest level of a drug in the body is called... | Trough Concentration |
| What is the best way to determine a drugs response? | Observation |
| When D/C a drug, what percent will be eliminated within 4 half lives? | 94 |
| More than___% of elderly have multiple chronic illnesses. | 80 |
| ______ patients have less predictable, more intense, and longer effects. | Pediatric |
| ______ patients have less predictable pharmacokinetics, multiple chronic illnesses, and take multiple drugs. | Elderly |
| Loss of muscle mass/strength is called... | Sarcopenia |
| Loss of bone density is called... | Osteopenia |
| Taking of more than 4 prescriptions is called... | ploypharmacy |
| A drug whose therapeutic range happens with 2 pills and toxic happens with 4 pills has a _____ therapeutic index and is extremely dangerous. | Low |
| A drug whose therapeutic range happens with 2 pills and toxic happens with 20 pills has a _____ therapeutic index. | High |
| A low creatine clearance level is... | < 30ml/min |
| A state of sluggishness, inactivity, and apathy is... | Lethargy |
| A need for increased drug levels to produce an effect when the MEC level becomes abnormally high is... | Pharmacodynamic Tolerance |
| Accelerated metabolism due to increased levels of enzymes that does not affect MEC is... | Metabolic Tolerance |
| Drug response cause by Psychological factors, not biochemical is... | Placebo Effect |
| Intensified or reduced therapeutic or ADEs, increased likelihood of ADEs, creation of a new response, altered pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetics, combined toxicity, and offsetting side effects can all be caused by... | drug interactions |
| The relationship between the size of a dose and the intensity of a response is... | Dose-Response relationship |
| The largest possible effect for a particular drug is... | Maximal Efficacy |
| The minimum amount of a drug required to produce an effect is... | Potency |
| What makes selective drug action possible? | Receptors |
| Molecules that activate receptors are... | Agonists |
| Molecules that prevent receptor activation by endogenous molecules are... | Antagonists |
| _______ antagonists bind irreversibly to receptors. | Non-competitive (insurmountable) |
| _______ antagonists can be overcome. | Competitive (surmountable) |
| Continuous exposure to agonists results in _______. | Desensitization |
| Continuous exposure to antagonists results in _______. | Hypersensitivity |
| Any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug at normal dose is... | ADE/ADR |
| _____ means cancer causing. | Carcinogenic |
| _____ means birth defect causing. | Tetragenic |
| A form of tolerance brought on by repeated dosages over a short period of time (<24hrs) is... | Tachyphylaxis |
| What identifies drugs w/a high likelihood of causing ADE in the elderly? | Beers list |
| Your patient is experiencing a respiratory allergic reaction, the drug you would administer is... | Epinepherine |
| Drugs used for allergic reactions, pain, autoimmune symptom relief, and preventing organ rejection are called... | Antihistamine drugs |
| ________ drugs do nothing to histamine, rather they sit on histamine receptors, penetrate the blood brain barrier, and block the nerve path from the vestibular inner ear to the medulla of the brain. | 1st generation Antihistamine drugs |
| ________ drugs do nothing to histamine but sit on their receptors. They are almost unable to penetrate the blood brain barrier and have almost no CNS effects, and no anticholinergic effects. | 2nd generation Antihistamine drugs |
| _____ is given to blood donor recipients and before patients receive other drugs (morphine)to avoid an allergic reaction. | Benadryl |
| A unique condition, related to an individual is termed... | idiosyncrasy |
| What is the antidote for antihistamine poisoning? | nothing |
| Antihistamine poisoning resembles _____ poisoning. | Atropine |
| A reaction that occurs in some children and elderly when given antihistamines is called_____ | Paradoxical CNS Stimulation |
| Inflammation is signaled by the release of... | Prostoglandins |
| The oldest drug in the COX inhibitor (NSAID) family is... | Asprin |
| ______ is the personal or family tendency to become sensitized and produce a particular kind of antibody(Ige) in response to normally non-pathologic, non-threatening environmental constituents. | Atopy |
| Blocking inflammation is the therapeutic goal in the development of a family of drugs called... | COX Inhibitors/Prostaglandin Inhibitors |
| A consequence of blocking prostaglandins includes... | GI erosion, bleeding, renal impairment, reduction in platlet aggregation, reduction of inflammation (in 1st generation) |
| The only 2nd generation NSAID left on the market today is... | Celebrex |
| In order to maximize the therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects, ______ should be given with morphine. | Ibuprofen |
| Do not use __________ in elderly bacause of high potential for G.I. bleeds, use _______ instead. | Aspirin, Tylenol |
| Of the NSAID family, _____ is used for severe pain relief. | Toradol |
| ______ drugs make a significant contribution (specifically Ibuprofen) to pain relief in prostoglandin causing cancer patients. | NSAID |
| ___________ is when bone is formed outside the skeleton in soft tissue. Ibuprofen is key to reduce this. | Heterotropic bone growth |
| If patient takes too much Asprin one sign is.... | Tinnitus |
| GI bleeding, renal dysfunction, cognitive changes, and heart attack are all potential ADE of _____ in which nearly _____% of patients experience. | NSAID Drugs, 10 |
| Of the NSAID drugs, _______ has the worst renal effects and ______ is easy on kidneys as long as there are no preexisting conditions. | Ibuprofen, Aspirin |
| _______ is a centrally acting COX Inhibitor acting only in the brain. I works on pain and fever only; having no effect on any other inflammation. | Acetaminophen/Tylenol |
| Acetaminophen inhibits the metabolism of ______ increasing the bleeding risk. | Coumadin |
| In the case of acetaminophen overdose, ______ acts as an antidote if taken within 24 hrs. | Mucomist |
| Diseases that cause the body to "attack the self" and have an "erratic clinical course with remissions and exacerbations" are called _________ | Autoimmune Diseases |
| _______ (like Prednazone) help relieve autoimmune disease symptoms but ______ retard the drugs progression. | NSAIDs, DMARDs |
| The "Old Reliable" non-biological DMARDs are... | Methotrexate (chemo therapy agent), Plaquinil (treat malaria) |
| The biological DMARDs are usually used with nonbiological and are good for blocking tissue necrosis (RA). One of these is called... | Enbrel |
| Some ADEs of ______ are hepatic fibrosis, bone marrow suppression, retinal damage, heart failure, and injection site infections. | DMARDs |
| Disease modifying drugs that decrease the frequency and severity of relapse, reduce brain lesions, prevent disability, and improve quality of life but cannot cure a disease are termed... | Immunomodulators |
| An immunomodulator that may cause angina, anxiety, airway constriction, and hives is ______ | Copaxane |
| _____ and ______ are drugs that prevent organ rejection in kidney, liver, and heart transplants. | Neoral, Prograf |
Created by:
Dazhia
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