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Hon.Bio Unit 5
vocab words for Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is DNA? What does it stand for? | all genetic info of a cell; deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What four nucleotides make up DNA? | adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine |
| What is the structure of a nucleotide? | 1. ring shaped sugar(deoxyribose) 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base(single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen) |
| What are the bonding pairs for nitrogenous bases? | Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guamine (A-T, C-G) |
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? | Watson and Crick |
| What is the structure of DNA? Describe it. | double helix; sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases connecting two strands in the middle |
| What are complimentary base pairs (A.K.A. corresponding base pairs)? | bond w/only one other base (A-T, C-G) |
| What are histones? | proteins which DNA are wrapped around |
| When DNA is copied, describe the composition of each strands of DNA produced. | one old and one new strand |
| What is the process of DNA replication: | 1. original DNA is opened up 2. complimentary base pairs are brought in 3. the new sugar phosphate is "glued together" 4. two identical copies of DNA (one old & one new) is created |
| Why are proteins important? | They cause your body to function and appear the way it does |
| What is a genotype? | actual combination of genes an organism has |
| What is a phenotype? | genes/traits displayed or used to make an organelle function |
| How many proteins does one gene code for? | one |
| Where are genes located? | in the DNA. They are made of base pairs that can be any number of nucleotides long. |
| Why does DNA not leave the nucleus? | so it's not damaged |
| What is RNA? | ribonucleic acid |
| What is the difference between DNA and RNA? | RNA= single stranded, uracil instead of thymine, nucleic acid made with ribose |
| What are the types of RNA? | mRNA and tRNA |
| What is transcription? | process of converting DNA sequence to RNA sequence |
| What are the steps of transcription? | 1. DNA is opened up 2. complimentary base pairs are brought in 3. RNA polymerase "glues" nucleotides to form mRNA strand 4. Single stranded mRNA is created to carry DNA info to ribosome 5. mRNA leaves nucleus, DNA reforms |
| Where does transcription occur? | in the nucleus with the DNA |
| What is translation? | process of converting mRNA to protein or amino acids |
| Where does translation occur? | in the ribosome |
| Describe the structure of a ribosome as it relates to translation | 2 sites: A site-where mRNA is read P site- where proteins are made |
| What is the triplet code? | a genetic code in which a sequence of 3 nucleotides code for the synthesis of a specific amino acid |
| What is responsible for reading the triplet code and retrieving the appropriate amino acid? | tRNA |
| What is the start codon? | AUG |
| What are the stop codons? | UGA, UAA, and UAG |
| What 3 phases make up interphase (describe each). | 1. G1 phase (cell grows & performs its necessary functions) 2. S phase (cell replicates its DNA & continues to perform its functions) 3. G2 phase (cell begins to prepare to divide & replicates org. & continues its normal functions & cotinues to grow) |
| How much of the cells life is spent in interphase? | 90% of cell's life |
| Chromatin | uncoiled DNA & histones |
| Chromosomes | coiled DNA double helix and histones |
| Homologous Chromosome | a pair of similar chromosomes, but NOT EXACTLY the same |
| Sister Chromatid | EXACT copies of DNA |
| Centromere | center of a chromosome |
| What is mitosis? | the process of taking a diploid cell and creating 2 identical diploid copies |
| What are the first 2 steps of mitosis? Describe each: | 1.Prophase-chromosomes form,join w/sister chromatids,spindle forms,nuclear envelope disappears 2.Metaphase-sister chromatids line up on the metaphase plate, spindle connects to sister chromatids |
| What are the last 2 steps of mitosis? Describe each: | 3. Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle 4. Telephase-chromosomes have been pulled to respective sides, spindle begins to disappear, nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis begins |
| What is asexual reproduction? | the process by which the offspring recieves an exact copy of the parents DNA sequence |
| What is cancer? | uncontrolled cell division(continued mitosis) |
| What is the benefit of asexual reproduction? | produces offspring which are perfectly adapted for the environment that they are entering |
| What are the first 3 steps of translation? | 1.mRNA arrives at ribosome, tRNA looks for codon AUG 2.tRNA reads next codon(3 base pairs) and gets amino acids and brings A site 3. tRNA reads next codon, gets amino acid and brings to A site, bumping other to P site |
| What are the last 2 steps of translation? | 4.process continues until tRNA reads stop codon of UAA, UAG, or UGA 5. left with chain of amino acids(Protiens) in P site |
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