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evolution
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleic acid | group of macromolecules, carries genetic info directing cell functions |
| transcription | DNA strand uses template to synthesize complementary RNA sequence |
| translation | sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA directs amino acids into protein, in ribosome |
| gene | region of DNA that specifies single protein |
| genetic recombination | molecule of nucleic acid is broken and joined to diff one; form of DNA repair |
| crossing over | exchange of genetic info btwn homologous chromosomes |
| selection coefficient | measure of relative fitness of phenotype |
| taxonomy | identification and classification of organisms |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a group |
| synapomorphy | shared, derived character that defines clades and distinguishes them from other groups |
| homoplasy | similarity in characters found in diff species due to convergent evolution |
| convergent evolution | similarity btwn species caused by similar but evolutionary independent response to common environmental problem |
| paraphyletic | set of species that include common ancestor and some decendents |
| bootstrapping | estimating strength of evidence that particular tree exists |
| distance method | calc. genetic diff btwn each taxa |
| BMCMC method | computes probability that trees are supported by data |
| ring species | connected series of populations where at least 2 "end" species exist and explain what happens overtime with populations genetically diverge |
| homology | trait derived from common ancestor |
| stop codons | UAA, UGA, UAG |
| start codon | AUG (methionine) |
| cenozoic era | new life 65 mya |
| mesozoic era | middle life 251 mya |
| paleozoic era | old life 543 mya |
| adaptation | trait increases survival and reproduction ex: feathers |
| fitness | ability to survive and reproduce in the wild |
| reproduce | pass genes to future generations |
| reshuffling | creates new traits, but not new genes |
| Hardy Weinberg principle | p2 + 2pq + q2= 1 assumes no selection, no mutation, no genetic drift, & mating at random |
| frequency-dependent variation | fitness increases with rarity |
| reproductive isolation | species split bc of something and forced to reproduce with new kinds, which causes creation of new species |
| paramixis | everyone in the population mates with each other |
| founder effect | relates to migration; organism somewhere is brought somewhere else & is its founder, spreads its genes |
| fixation of alleles | overtime, genetic drift reduces # of alleles |
| bottleneck effect | when population is expanding, then something comes & wipes it out, then after some time, population reaches its normal level again |
| genetic drift | results from random chance, increases or decreases # of alleles, decreases polymorphism |
| molecular clocks | how many mutations there will be per year and the time between them |
| Neutral Theory of Evolution | mutual mutation followed by genetic drift |
| Natural Selection Theory | natural selection is most important in evolution |
| pseudogene | copy of normal gene that does not get transcribed into RNA |
| non-random mating | changes frequencies of genotypes & natural selection acts on that |
| outbreeding | individuals prefer to breed with non-relatives |
| inbreeding depression | reduced fitness of young due to kin breeding & high homozygosity rates |
| self-incompatibility | organismal features which protect from inbreeding ex: flowers with both stamen and ovary |
Created by:
calange
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