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Phys. Assess Ch. 12
Skin, Hair, Nails
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two layers of the skin? | epidermis and dermis |
| What is the third layer of adipose tissue? | subcutaneous layer |
| The epidermis is thin but? | tough |
| What does the inner stratum germinativum form? | new skin cells |
| What makes skin tough? | keratin |
| What gives brown tone to skin and nails? | melanin |
| The new cells migrate up and flatten into the? | stratum corneum |
| What does the outer horny cell layer consist of? | dead keratinized cells that are interwoven and closely packed |
| The epidermis is completely replaced in? | 4 weeks |
| What is avascular; nourished by blood vessels in the dermis? | epidermis |
| What is skin color derived from? | melanin, yellow orange tones of carotene and from red pigment tones in the vascular bed |
| What is the inner supportive layer consisnt mostly of connective tissue or collagen? | Dermis |
| What is collagen? | tough, fibrous protein that enables the skin to resist tearing |
| The nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels and lymphatics lie in the? | dermis |
| What is the subcutaneous layer made up of? | fat cells |
| What does the subcutaneous do? | stores fat for energy, provides insulation for temp, and protection |
| What is vesitgail from humans? | hair |
| Hairs are threads of? | keratin |
| What is the bulb matrix? | the expanded area where new cells are produced at a high rate |
| What does the arrector pili around the hair follicle do? | contracts and elevate the hair so that is resembles goose flesh when the skin is exposed to cold |
| What are the 2 types of hair? | vellus hair and terminal hair |
| What hair covers most of the body? | vellus hair |
| What is the darker thicker hair? | terminal hair |
| Where is terminal hair? | scalp and eyebrows, armpit, genitals |
| What do subaceous glands produce? | sebum |
| What do sebum oils do? | lubricate the skin and hair and forms an emulsion with water the stops water loss from the body |
| What are the two sweat glands? | eccrine and apocrine |
| Eccrine glands are? | coiled tubules that open directly onto the skin surfact and produce a dilute saline solution (sweat) |
| Apocrine glands produce? | think, milky secretion and open into the hair follicles |
| The nails are? | hard plates of keratin on the dorsal edges of the fingers and toes |
| What is the white opaque semilunar area that the poximal end of the nail? | lunula |
| Where are new karatinized cells are formed? | matrix |
| What is lanugo? | fine downy hair of the newborn infant |
| What is vernix caseose? | thick, cheesy substance made of sebum and shed epithelial cells |
| What does sebum do? | holds water in skin |
| The change in hormones in pregnant women are from? | increased pigment in areolae and nipples vulva and something in the abdomen or face |
| What is senile purpura? | dark red discolored areas |
| Eccrine sweat glands are important for? | fluid balance and for thermoregulation |
| What is keloids? | scars that form and go way past the wound |
| what is pigmentary disorders? | areas of postinflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation that appear and dark or light spots |
| What is pseudofolliculitis? | razor bums or ingrown hairs caused by shaving too close |
| What is malasma? | the mask of pregnancy a pathy tan to dark brown discoloration of the face |
| Non sterile tattoo equipment causes? | Vit C |
| What is seborrhea? | oily |
| What is xerosis? | dry |
| Pruritus is the most common of skin symptoms occurs with? | dry skin, aging, durg reactions, allergy, jaundice, uremia, lice |
| What is alopecia? | hair loss |
| What is hersutism? | shaggy or exvessive hair |
| Generalized rash considered? | allergic reaction to new food |
| irritability and general fussiness may indicate? | pruritus |
| What is vitiligo? | the complete absence of melanain pigment in patchy areas of white on the face, neck, hands, feel, body folds |
| What are freckles? | small flat macules of borwn melanin pigment that occur on sun exposed skin |
| What is a mole? | nevus, a proliferation of melanocytes, flat or raised, characterized by their symmetry, small size, smooth boarders and single uniform pigmentation |
| What is a junctional nevus? | a macular only and occurs in child and teens |
| What is pallor? | white |
| What is erythema? | red |
| Pallor is common in? | acute high stress states |
| What does pallor occur? | anemia, shock, arterial insufficiency |
| Anemias cause? | spoon nails |
| what accompany perniciou anemia? | lemon yellow tent to face |
| What accompany most severe anemia? | fatigue, dyspnea, radial pulse, dizzy and impaired mental function |
| What occurs with polycythermia venous stasis, carbon monoxide poisoning? | erytheme |
| A person with anemia can be hypoxic and not look blue because there is not enough? | hemoglobin |
| What indicates hypoxemia and occurs with shock, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, and congenital heart disease? | cynosis |
| Why do people turn yellow? | rising biliruin in the blood |
| jandice is first noted in the junction of the? | hard and soft palate in the mouth and on the sclera |
| The scleral yellow of jaundice extends up to the? | edge of the iris |
| What occurs with hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle cell disease, trandsfusion and hemolytic disease of a newborn? | jaundice |
| What accompanies jaundice? | light or clay colored stools and often dark golden urine |
| General hypothermia accompanies? | central circulatory problem like shock |
| Localized hypothermia occurs in? | peripheral arterial insufficiency and raynaud's disease |
| Hyperthyroidism has an increased? | metabolic rate causing warm moist skin |
| Generalized hyperthermia occurs with? | increased metabolic rate |
| What is diaphoresis? | profuse perspiration |
| What occur swith thyrotoxicosis and with stimulation of the NS with anxiety or pain? | diaphorsis |
| What what mucous membrances look dry and the lips look parched and cracked? | dehydration |
| Hyperthyroidism causes the skin to feel how? | smoother and softer |
| Hypothyroidism causes the skin to feel how? | rough, dry and flakey |
| What is a callus? | circumscribed overgrowth of epidermis and is an adaptation to excessive pressure from friction |
| What occurs with arterial insufficiency? | very thin shiny skin |
| What is edema? | fluid accumulating in the intercellular spaces |
| For edema what is 1+? | mild pitting, slight indentation, no swellling |
| For edema what is 2+? | moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly |
| For edema what is 3+? | Deep pitting, indentation remoains for a short time, looks swollen |
| For edema what is 4+? | very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen |
| Edema makes the hair follicles more? | prominent |
| If edema is over the entire body consider? | heart failure or kidney failure |
| What is mobility of the skin? | skin's ease of rising, and turgor is its ability to return to place when released |
| Mobility is decreased by? | edema |
| Poor turgor is evident in? | severe dehydration or extreme weight loss |
| What is scleroderma? | hard skin, chronic connective tissue disorder associated with decreased mobility |
| What are cherry angiomas? | small smooth slightly raised brith red dots that commonly appear on the trunk in all adults |
| What is ecchymosis? | bruising |
| If any lesions are present note? | color, elevation, pattern, size, location, and exudate |
| When a lesion developed on previously altered skin it is? | primary |
| When a lesion changes over time or changes because of a factor it is? | secondary |
| Lesions with blue green fluorescence indicate? | fungal infection |
| Gray, sclay, well defined areas with broken hairs accompany? | tinea capitis (ringworm) |
| Genital hair absent suggests? | endrocrine abnormalities |
| What is hirsutism? | excess body hair |
| What is seborrhea? | dandruff |
| Clubbing of nails occur swith? | congenital chronic cyanotic heart disease and with emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
| Pits, transcerse grooves or line in the nails may indicate? | a nutrient deficiecy |
| A spongy nail base accompanies? | clubbing |
| Brown linear streaks in nails may indicate? | melanoma |
| What is a mongolian spot? | common variation of hyperpigmentation in black, asian, american indian and hispanic newborns (blue black to purple at the sacrum or buttocks) |
| What is cafe au lait spot? | large round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation |
| What do 6 or more cafe au lait macules indicate? | neurofibromatosis |
| What is harlequin color change? | when the baby is in a side lying position, the lower half of body turns red, and upper half blanches |
| What is erythema toxicum? | common rash that appears in the first 3-4 days of life "flea bite" |
| What is acrocyanosis? | bluish color around the lips, hands and fingernails, feet and toenails |
| What is cutis maramorata? | transiet mottling in the trunk and extremities in resonce to cooler room temperature |
| Persistent cutis marmorata occurs with? | down syndrome or prematurity |
| What indicates fetal distress? | green brown discoloration of the skin nails and cord |
| Physiological jaudice is? | is common in the newborns 3rs or 4th day |
| What is carotenemia? | yellow orange color in light skinned persons but no yellowing in the sclera or mucous membranes, ingesting too much carotene |
| Jaundice on the first day may indicate? | hemolytic disease |
| Grenn tinged vernix occurs with? | meconium staining |
| In children excessive sweating may accompany? | hypoglycemia, heart disease or hyperthyroidism |
| Wha tis milia? | tiny white papules on the cheecks, forhead and across the nose and chin caused by sebum |
| Milia gets better how? | on its own |
| What is storkbite? | flat, irregularly shaped red or pink path found on the forehead, eyelid, or upper lip, most common on the back of the neck |
| Poor tugor indicates? | dehydration |
| What occurs with seborrheic dermatitis? | dermatitis |
| What are open comedones? | blackheads |
| What are closed comedones? | whiteheads |
| What is striae? | jagged linear stretch marks of silver to pink color that appear during second trimester |
| What is linea nigera? | brownish black line down the midline |
| What is chloasma? | an irregular brown patch of hyperpigmentation on the face |
| What is vascular spiders? | Tiney red centers with radiating branches and occur on the face, neck, upper chest, and arms |
| What is senile lentiguines? | liver spots, small, flat brown macules |
| What are keratoses? | lesions that are raised, thickened that look crusty,scaley and warty |
| What is seborrheic keratosis? | looks dark greasy and stuck on |
| What is actinic keratosis? | red tan scaly plaques that increase over the years to become raised and roughened, may develop into squamous cell carcinoma |
| What is xerosis? | dry skin |
| What are acrochordones? | skin tages, overgrowth of normal skin that form a stalk and are polyplike |
| What is sebaceous hyperplasia? | raised yellow papule swith a central depression |
| Look at page? | 249 In book! |
| What is annular? | circular, begins in center and spread |
| What is confluent? | lesions run together |
| What is discrete? | distint, individual lesions that remain seperate |
| What is grouped? | clusters of lesion |
| What is gyrate? | twisted, coiled spiral, snakelike |
| What is target? | or iris, resembles iris of eye |
| What is linear? | a scratch, streak line or stripe |
| What is zosteriform? | linear arrangement along a nerve route |
| What is macule? | color change, flat and circumscribe (freckles) |
| What is papule? | something you can feel, mole, wart |
| What is patch? | macules that are larger than 1 cm |
| What is plaque? | papules coalesce to form surface elevation, psoriasis |
| What is nodule? | solid, elevated, extended into dermis |
| What is a wheal? | superficial, raised, transiet, mosquito bite, allergic reaction |
| What is tumor? | deep into dermis |
| Wha are hives? | (urticaria) wheals coalesce to form extensive reaction |
| what is a vesicle? | elevated cavity containing fluid, blister, chickenpox |
| What is bulla? | superficial, ruptures easily, burn, contact dermititis |
| What is cyst? | encapsulated fluid filled cavity |
| What is pustule? | turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity, acne |
| What is crust? | thickened, dried out exudate left when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up |
| What is scale? | compact disiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, dry skin, scarlet fever |
| What is fissure? | linear crack with abrupt edges, extends into dermis |
| What is erosion? | scooped out but shallow depression, not in dermis |
| What is ulcer? | irregular shape, may bleed, scar |
| What is scar? | when skin is repaired, normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue |
| What is excoriation? | self inflicted abration; superficial, sometimes crusted, scratches from intense itching |
| What is atrophic scar? | resulting skin level depressed with loss of tissue |
| What is lichenification? | prolonged intence scratching, thickens skin and produces tightly packed sets of papules |
| What is keloid? | hypertrophic scar, elevated excess scar tissue |
| What is pattern injury? | injury or wound shaped by the weapon that caused it |
| What is hematoma? | bruise you can feel, elevates that skin and is seen as swelling |
| What is port wine stain? | large, flat macular patch covering the scalp or face |
| What is strawberry mark? | a raised bright red area with well defined boarders, does not blanch |
| What is cavernous hemangioma? | reddish blue irregularly shaped, solid, and spongy mass of blood vessels |
| What is spider or star angioma? | fiery red, star shaped marking with a solid circular center |
| What is venous lake? | blue purple dilation of venules and capillaries in a star shaped, linear or flaring pattern |
| What is petechiae? | tiny puncture hemorrhages, will not blanch |
| What is purpura? | confluent and extensive patch of petechaiae and ecchymoses, red to purple macular hemorrhage |
| What is diaper dermatitis? | red, moist, maculopapular patch with poorly defined border in diaper area |
| What is intertrigo? | scading red, moist patches with sharply demarcated borders |
| What is impetigo? | moist, thin roofed vesicles with thin, erythematous base, contagious |
| What is exzema? | erythematous papules and vesicles with weeping oozing and crusts |
| What are measles? | red purple maculopapular blotchy rash |
| What is rubella? | pink papular rash first appears on face |
| What is varicella? | tight vesicles first appear on trunk |
| What is primary contact dermatitis? | reaction to an irritant in the environment or an allergy |
| What are allergic drug reactions? | symmetric rash, drugs cause it |
| What is ringworm of the body? | scales on chest, abdomen, back of arms that are circular lesions |
| What is ringworm of the foot? | athlete's foot |
| What is psoriasis? | scaley erythematous patch with silvery scales on tope |
| What is tinea versicolor? | fine, scaling, round patches of pink, tan or white that do not tane |
| What are cold sores? | HSV |
| What is shingles? | small grouped vesivles emerge along route of cutaneous sensory nerve |
| What is basal cell carcinoma? | skin colored papule with translucent top, central red ulcer |
| What is squamous cell carcinoma? | erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, develops central ulcer and surrounding erythema |
| what is malignant melanoma? | irregular or notched borders, arise from preexsisting nevi |
| What is anthrax? | lesion or brok skin |
| What are small pox? | viral infection whith no treatment |
| What is cradle sap? | thick, yellow to white, adherent scales with mild erythema on scalp and forehead |
| What is scalp ringworm? | rounded patchy hair loss on scalp |
| What is toxic alopecia? | patchy, assymmetric balding that accompanies severe illness or use of chemotherapy where growing hairs are lost and resting hairs are spared |
| What is alopecia areata? | sudden appearance of a sharply circumscribed, round or oval balding patch, usually with smooth, sof, hairless skin underneath |
| What is traction alopecia? | linear or oval patch of hair loss along hair line |
| What is trichotillomania? | traumatic self induced hair loss usually the result of compulsive twisting or plucking |
| What is folliculitis? | superficial infection of hair follicles |
| What is hirsutism? | excess body hair in females |
| What is furnucle or abcess? | red, swollen, hard, tender, pus filled lesion caused by localized bacteria |
| What is spoon nails? | thin, depressed nails with lateral edges tilted up |
| What is paronychia? | red, swollen, tender inflammation of the nail folds |
| What is beau's line? | transvers furrow or groove |
| What is splinter hemmorrhages? | red brown linear streaks, embolic lesions, occur with subacute bacterial endocaritis |
| What is late clubbing? | proximal edge of nail elevates |
| What is onycholysis? | slow, persistent fungal infection of fingernails and more often toenails |
| What is pitting? | sharply defined pitting and crumbling of the nails with distal detachment |
| What is habit tic dystrophy? | depression down meddle of nail or multple horzontal ridges, caused by continuous picking of cuticle by another finger of same hand |
| What do you expect nails for? | brittle, cracking, clubbing |
| What do you look for on a skin assessment? | color, temp, mobility & trugor, texture, moisture, and lesions |
| What are primary lesions? | arise from healthy skin |
| What are secondary desions? | arise from primary lesions |
| What should you assess for lesions? | Location and distribution, arrangment, color and type |
| What is a generalized lesion? | all over the body |
| What is localized lesions? | only on part of the body |
| What are different arrangments of lesions? | annular, irregular, confluent, discrete... |
| What is discrete lesions? | do not overlap |
| What are keratotic lesions? | greasy |
| What are linear lesions? | in a line |
| What are multiform lesions? | not consistant |
| What are universal lesions? | all look the same |
| What are primary lesions? examples? | macules, papules, and vesicles |
| What are macules? | non palpable,flat |
| What are papules? | palpable, solid |
| What are vesicles? | palpable, fluid filled |
| What are types of papules? | plaque, nodule, wheal, tumor |
| What are types of vesicle? | bulla, pustule |
| What types of lesion is herpes simplex? | vesicle |
| What are types of secondary lesions below the skin? | erosion, ulcer, fissure, excoriation, and atrophy |
| What is excoriation? | rubbing |
| What are secondary lesions above the skin? | scaling/crusting |
| What is erythema? | redness |
| What is petechiae? | pinpoint lesion r/t hemorrhage of capillary beds |
| What is purpura? | collections of pinpoint lesions |
| What is ecchymosis? | bruising |
| What is spider angioma? | spider legs |
| What is cherry angioma? | little red dots |
| What are types of miscellaneous skin lesions? | scar, keloid, and lichenification |
| What is ABCD? | Asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation, diameter |
| What is basal cell? | most common cause of skin cancer |
| What does basal cell look like? | thickened and enlarged around the edge, concave center |
| Does basal cell metastisize? | no, slow growing |
| What does squamous cell carcinoma look like? | scaling, flaking, thick skin around edge |
| What squamous cell carcinoma metastasize? | yes |
| What are causes of squamous cell carcinoma? | sun, x rays, scars, chronic skin disorders |
| What is malignant melanoma? | neoplasm of melanocytes, grow superficially first |
| Does malignant melanoma metastisize? | yes |
| Where does malignant melanoma spread most common in men? | most common on back |
| Where does malignant melanoma spread most common in women? | anterior tibia area |
| What is BANS? | back, axilla, neck, scalp |
| LOOK AT? | PICTURES |
| What is veltilgo? | loss of melanocytes |
| What does dry gangrene consist of? | flake off of skin |
| What does wet gangrene consist of? | wound |
| What happens in stasis dermatitis? | blood stays in one place |
| How do you treat stasis dermatitis? | treat with compression stockings |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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