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AH Lewis Ch. 40
Nutritional Problems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The lower the socioeconomic status? | the poorer the nutritional state |
| What is nutrition? | the process by which the body uses food for energy, gowth, and maintenance and repair of body tissues |
| What are the essential components of the basic food groups? | carbohydrates, fat, proteins, vitamines, and minerals |
| What is the body's primary source of energy? | Carbohydrates |
| Carbs are either? | simple or complex |
| What are two forms of simple carbs? | monosaccharides and disaccharides |
| What are polysaccharides? | Starch, fiber |
| One gram of fat yields how many calories? | 9 calories |
| The daily caloric requirements of a person are influenced by? | body build, age, gender, and physical activity |
| 1 gram of protein = | 4 calories |
| What are the units of structure for protein? | amino acids |
| How many amino acids are there? | 22essential and nonessential |
| The amino acids can be classified as? | essential and nonessential |
| How many essential amino acids are there? | 9 |
| What are protein sources containing all the essential amino acids called? | complete proteins |
| Protiens that lack one or more of the essential amino acids are called? | incomplete proteins |
| Protiens are essential for? | tissue growth, repair and maintenance, regulatory functions and energy productions |
| Vitamins are? | organic coupounds required in small amounts by the body for normal metabolism |
| Vitamins do what? | metabolize amino acids, fats, and carbs |
| What are the 2 categories of vitamins? | water soluble and fat soluble |
| What are water soluble vitamins? | Vit c, and B |
| What are fat soluble vitamins? | A D E K |
| What are minderal salts? | magnesium, iron and calcium |
| When minerals are present in little amounts they are called? | trace elements |
| Minerals required in greated amounts are called? | major minerals |
| Minerals are needed for the body to? | build tissues, regulate body fluids and assist in various body functions |
| Minimal amount of minerals are called? | trace |
| Large amounts of minerals are called? | Major |
| What do vegetarioans exclude? | red meat |
| What are vegans? | eat only plant food |
| What is a lacto ovo vegatarians? | eat meat and dairy |
| What is the primary deficincy in vegens? | Cobalamin (B12) |
| B12 can only be obtained how? | animals |
| What does not enough B12 cause? | megloblastic anemia |
| Vegans may also be at risk for? | iron deficiency |
| When assessing a pt diet history a nurse should include? | cultural and ethnic considerations |
| A nurse should not do what when assess cultural considerations? | cultural stereotyping |
| What is malnutrition? | a deficit, exess, or imbalance of the essential componenets of a balanced diet |
| What terms are used to describe malnutrition? | overnutrition, undernutrition |
| What is undernutrition? | state of poor nourishment as a result of inadequate diet |
| What is overnutrition? | ingestion of more food than is required for body needs |
| What is caused by not enough Vit D? | rickets |
| What is scurvy? | condition caused by not enough Vit. C, causes weakness, anemia, and oral ulcerations |
| Malnutrition is common in? | hospitalized pt |
| What is protein calorie malnutrition? | most common form of undernutrition and can result from primary or secondary factors |
| What is Primary protein calorie malnutrition? | where the nutritional needs are not met as a result of poor eating habits |
| What is secondary protien calorie malnutrition? | caused by an alteration or defect in ingestion, digestion, absorption or metabolism |
| Secondary malnutrition may occur because of? | GI obstruction, surgery, cancer, malabsorption syndromes, and drugs |
| What is marasmus? | deficiency of both caloric and protein intake leading to generalized loss of body fat and muscle |
| What is kwashiorkor? | caused by a deficiency of protien intake that is superimposed on a catabolic stress event |
| What does the body use to meet metabolic needs? | carbs |
| During early phase of starvation what is used for metabolic processes? | protein |
| Once carbs are gone what is depleted to glucose for energy? | protein |
| What are the first two amino acids to be used by the liver for the formation of glucose is gluconeogeneses? | alanin and glutamine |
| In prolonged starvation what provides calories? | fat |
| How long till fat is gone? | 4-6 weeks |
| After fat is gone what is used for the increased energy needs? | protein |
| What is the job of albumin? | the maintenance of the osmotic pressure of the blood |
| As total blood volume is reduced the skin appears? | dry and wrinkled |
| What is the body organ that loses the most mass during protein deprivation? | liver |
| What contributes to malnutrition? | socioeconomic statues, cultural influences, psychologic disorders, medical conditions and medical treatments |
| What is malabsorption syndrome? | impaired absorption of nutrients from the GI tract |
| What contributes to malabsorption? | illness, major surgery, sepsis, wounds, burns, hemorrhage, fractures, and immoblization |
| Who does vitamin and mineral imbalances occur? | alcohol drug abuse, ill, and ppl who follow poor dietary prectices |
| Vitamin imbalances that cause CNS problems are usually who? | growing child |
| Vitmain imbalances that causes PNS problems are usually who? | adults |
| The rate that malnutrition develops depends on? | the quality and quantity of protein intake, caloric value, illess and age of the person |
| Malnutrition in a hopital pt usually occurs because of? | prolonged hospital stay and delayed recovery |
| Many malnourished persons are? | anemic |
| Anemia occurs because of? | lack of iron and folic acid (RBC) |
| What lab test is used for the diagnosis of malnutrition? | albumin levels |
| What is a good test for nutritonal status? | prealbumin levels |
| What decreases during states of protein dificiency? | transferrin |
| What is steatorrhea? | fatty stools seen with lowered levels of fat soluble vitamins |
| What is anthropometric measures? | gross measurements of fat and muscle contents |
| What does nutritional screening do? | identifies individuals who are malnourished or at risk for malnutrition |
| What is the purpose of nutritional screening? | to determine if a more detailed nutritional assessment is necessary |
| When is a minimum data set form used? | to obtain info about a person's nutritional status |
| The outcome and assessment information set is used to? | prompt the nurse to cellect info on diet, oral intake, dental health, swallowing difficulties, and any needs for meal assistance |
| What is a nutrtional assessment? | a comprehensive approach to defining nutrtional staus that uses medical, nutrtional, and medication histories |
| What is an easy way to determine ideal body weight? | used rule of thumb method |
| What is BMI? | a measure of weight for height |
| What BMI is considered overweight? | 25-29 |
| What BMI is considered obese? | 30 |
| The overall goals are that a pt with malnutrition will? | achieve weight gain, consume a number of calories per day, have no adverse consequences |
| An undernourished pt usually needs to have? | between meal supplements |
| The pt's ability to comple with the dietayr instructions must be examined in light of? | past eating habits, religious, and ethnic preferences, age, income, other resources and state of health |
| What a physiologic changes with the aging that affect the nurtrtional status of older adults? | Changes in oral cavity, Changes in digestion, Changes in endocrine system, Changes in musculoskeletal system, Decrease vision and hearing |
| Retirement or relacation to a nursing home impact? | eating habits |
| What is tube feeding? | administration of a nutritionally balanced liquefied food or formule through a tuve inserted into the stomach, duodenum or jejunum |
| Who may need a tube feeding? | anorexic, orofacial fractures, head and neck cancer, neurologic condition that prevent oral intake, extensive burns, and while taking chemo |
| Enteral nutrtion is used? | to provide nutrients by way of the GI tract ethier alone or as a supplement to oral or parenteral nutrition |
| What are delievery options of tube feedings? | infusion by pump, gravity, syringe, and cyclic feeding by infusion pump |
| What is used for short term feeding? | NG tube |
| What is a transpyloric tube used? | physiologic conditions warrant feeding the pt below the pyloric sphincer |
| What protocol should be used with feeding tubes? | pt position, patency of tube, tube postition, formula, administration of feeding, and general nursing considerations |
| How do you check tube placement? | pH |
| How is the osmolaity of the solution determine? | by the number and size of particles in solution |
| What are the prob associated with gastrostomy or jejunostory feedings? | skin irritation and pulling out of the tube |
| With aging there is decreased ability to handle? | glucose loads |
| What is parenteral nutrtion? | administration of nutrients by a route other than the GI tract |
| What is central parenteral nutrtion? | the delivery ofa nurtrtionally adequate hypertonic solution consisting of flucose, crystalline, amino acids, fat emulsion, minerals, and vitamins using a central venous route |
| What do base solutions of PN include? | dextrose and protein in form of amino acids |
| Calories in PN are supplied by? | carbs and fat |
| Overfeeding can lead to? | metabolic complications |
| The administration of fat emulsion should be used in caution wht pt's who are in? | danger of fat embolism and with pt with allergies to eggs |
| PN is administered by? | central or peripheral veins |
| Central parenteral nutrtion is given though a catheter whose top lies in the? | superior vena cava |
| PICCS are usually placed? | into the basilic or caphalic vein and then advanced into the central circulation |
| Peripheral parenteral nutrition is administered though? | a peripherally inserted catheter or vascular access device, which uses large peripheral vein |
| When is Peripheral Parenteral nutrtion used? | when nutritional support is needed for only a short time, protein and caloric requirement are not high and the risk of a central catheter is too great or parenteral nutriton is used to supplement inadequare oral intake |
| All PN solutions should be prepared by a ? | pharmacist or a trained techinician |
| What should be added after a pharmacist prepares a solution? | nothing |
| A single lumen central catheter should not be used for the? | administration of blood or antibiotics, the drawing of blood or the monitoring of central venous pressure |
| Complication of PN are? | infection, metabolic and mechanical |
| What is the hallmark of refeeding syndrome? | hypophasphatemia |
| Home nutrition therapies are? | expensive |
| Eating disorders are primarily? | psychiatric disorders |
| Anorexia nervosa is? | self imposed weight loss, endocrine dysfunction and a distorted psychopathologic attitude toward weight and eating |
| improved nutrtion is not a cure for? | anorexia |
| What is bulimia nervosa? | disorder that has frequent binge eating and self induced vomiting associated with loss of control related to eating an d persistent concern with body image |
| What disorder includes ppl who laxative, diuretics, exercise and diet drugs? | Bulimia nervosa |
| What is most suseptible to bulimia? | women college students |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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