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Ch. 7 Invertebrates
Marine Animals Without a Backbone
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aboral | The surface opposite the mouth in invertebrates. |
| Annelida | Phylum of segmented worms |
| antennae | A pair of jointed sense organs on the head of a crab, lobster, etc. |
| appendage | Any part of an animal coming from the main body trunk such as arms, legs |
| Phylum Arthropoda | Phylum of invertebrates having jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and an exosk eleton of chitin |
| bivalve | Mollusc with two shells |
| chitin | A complex carbohydrate material that forms the skeletal shell of arthropods |
| Chordata | Phylum of animals having a notochord and a nerve cord; contains a few types of in vertebrates |
| cilia | Minute hair-like projections |
| Cnidaria | Phylum of carnivorous invertebrate animals having nematocysts, stinging cells Classes: Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa |
| Sub-Phylum Crustacea | copepods, isopods, amphipods, krill, barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, crabs |
| Echinodermata | Phylum of invertebrates having pentamerous (5-part) radial symmetry |
| flagella | Whip-like structures on a cell |
| foot | A muscular structure of molluscs for locomotion |
| mantle | Tissue of a mollusc that secretes lime to create a hard shell |
| Mollusca | Phylum of invertebrates with soft, unsegmented bodies, usually protected by an exter nal shell |
| nematocyst | The stinging barb of cnidarians |
| operculum | A lid or cover for the opening of a snail’s shell |
| ossicles | Tiny skeletal plates and fragments made of calcite crystals on an echinoderm |
| pincers | Front claws on a crab |
| radula | A tongue-like toothed structure used by snails for chewing and rasping |
| regenerate | to grow a new body part to replace one that is lost |
| spicules | Needlelike rods of support that make a sponge stiff |
| stalk | Long slender support |
| swimmerets | Abdominal appendages of some crustaceans |
| tentacles | Long cylindrical tubes for feeding or feeling |
| univalve | Mollusc with only one shell |
| Ventral | Referring to the bottom (or belly) surface of an animal |
| Dorsal | Referring to the top (or back) surface of an animal |
| Compound eyes | in arthropods, an area that is made up of numerous light-sensitive areas |
| Deposit feeder | an organism that feeds on organic matter that settles to the bottom |
| Endoskeleton | skeleton under the external surface of an animal |
| Exoskeleton | skeleton that forms the external surface of an organism |
| Filter feeder | a suspension feeder that actively filters food particles |
| Fouling organism | organisms that live attached to submerged surfaces, i.e. boats and pilings |
| Hermaphrodite | An organism with male and female gonads |
| Hydrostatic Skeleton | system that uses water preassure against the body wall to maintain shape and aid in locomotion |
| Medusa | bell-shaped, free-swimming stage of cnidarians |
| Pentamerous radial symmetry | symmetry based on five parts (seastars) |
| Polyp | cylindrical, typically attached stage of cnidarians |
| sessile | organism that lives attached to the bottom or a surface |
| spawning | release of gametes into the water |
| suspension feeder | animal that feeds on particles suspended in the water |
| tentacles | flexible, elongate appendage |
| statocysts | a fluid-filled cavity that aids organisms in balance |
| Class Hydrozoa | ~feathery or bushy colonies of tiny polyps ~Reproductive polyps produce planktonic medusae that release gametes, when fertilized become planula then settle on the bottom and develop into polyps |
| Siphonophores | hydrozoans that form drifting colonies. i.e, portugese man of war, |
| Class Scyphozoa | larger jellies, polyps are very small and release juvenille medusae, may lack polyp stage all-together. consist of a float and tentacles equipped with nematocysts |
| Class Cubozoa | Box jellies, extremely painful stings, ;imited swimming |
| Class Anthozoa | anemones/corals, sessile, solitary or colonial polyps |
| Phylum Stenophora | comb jellies, 8 rows of cilliary combs, gelatinous, (awesoms lights) |
| Phylum Platyhelmmenthes | Flatworms: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda central nervous system with simple brain gut with single opening (blind gut) |
| Turbellaria | colorfull flatworms, free-living carnivores, striking color patterns |
| Class Trematoda | Flukes parasitic, complex life history |
| Cestoda | Tapeworms, parasitic, long segmented body |
| Phylum Nemertea | Ribbon worms, complete digesticve tract, simple clpsed cirulatory system, carnivorous predators w/ proboscus to entangle predators |
| Phylum Nematoda | Round worms, small round and cylindrical bodies, free-living/parasitic, complete digestive tract, hydrostatic skeleton |
| Class Polychaeta | Phylum Annelida, fireworm, bloodworm, lugworm, sandworm. Have parapodia-flattened extensions on each segment, swarmers |
| Class Pogonophora | Beard worms, lack mouth and gut, tentacle tuft absorbs nutrients |
| Class Oligochaetea | Marine equivelant to earthworms, found in mood/sand, feed on detritus, lack parapodia |
| Phylum Mollusca | bilateral symmetry, mantle- covers body/ secretes CaCO3 in shelled members, muscular foot, soft body, complete digestive system, most are broadcast spawners, |
| Class Gastropoda | snails, limpets, abalones, nudibranchs, largest-most varied group, coiled mass of vital organs enclosed by a shell, open cirulatory system, plaktonic larvea |
| Class Cephalopoda | occtopus, cuttlefish, squid, chambered nautilus, Predators specialized for locomotion, tru brain/complex eyes, closed circulatory system, lay eggs |
| Class Polyplacophora | Chitons eight overlapping shell plates cover slightly arched dorsal surface |
| Class Monoplacophora | limpet-like, gills and organs repeated along boay |
| Class Scapholopoda | tusk shells Long shell, open at top tapered like an elephant tusk, thin adhesive tentacles |
| Class Bivalvia | clams, mussels, oysters bosy compressed and enclosed in a two-part shell, filter feed through gills |
| Phylum Arthropoda | (jointed feet) bilateral symmetry, exoskeleton, stomache lined- with chitonous teeth, open circulatory system, two pairs of sensory antennae, compound eyes, statocysts, communicate with body movement, |
| Class Merostomata | Horshoe crabs horseshoe shaped carapace |
| Class Pycnogonida | Sea spiders 4 or more pairs of legs, ;arge proboscus to feed on soft invertebrates |
| Phylum Echinodermata | body symmetry changes during life cycle, bilateral planktonic larvae, pentamorous radial benthic adults, body cavaties filled with coelomic fluid that bathes organs/deliver nutrients, simple nerve net, broadcast spawners, |
| Class Asteroidea | Sea Stars, five arms radiate from a central disk, some have more than five, hundreds of tube feet protrude from the oral sruface for movement, CaCO3 endoskeleton, pedicellarie-spines on the aboral surface that keep it clean |
| Class Ophiuroidea | star shaped body, arms are very long and flexible, sharply demarcated from the central disc, swift arm movements for locomotion, tube feet lack suckers, eat detritus and small oanimals from the bottom, |
| Class Echinodea | Sea Uechins, Heart Urchins, Sand-Dollars endoskeleton forms a round, rigid, shell-like test, movable spines and pedicellarie, sucker-tipped tube feet, |
| Class Holothuroidea | Sea Cucumbers lack spines & radial symmetry, worm-like, elongated along oral-aboral axis, mouth/anus on the ends, deposit feeders, five rows of tube feet,defense-secrete toxins, discharge sticky/toxic filaments,evisceration expulsion of internal organs |
| Class Crinodea | Crinoids, feather stars/sea lillies body plan- upside down brittle-star, arms bracnhand side branch, side branches secrete mucus which aids in catching food |
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alexisa12
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